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The CerealsToo ontology focuses on wheats, cereals and grains to support ontological identification on specific varieties of crops. Conventional, organic and historical varieties are considered as well as their registration status in Canada and the US. Genetic heritage, traits and detailed citations are also linked where possible. The ontology CerealToo is intended as a general knowledge resource that can be further refined to support API and application development.
With 772 million tons produced in 2017 alone (FAOSTAT), wheat is one of the most cultivated crops in the world. Due to the relative east at which it adapts to new climates and humankind's tendency to produce new varieties to overcome local challengess, it is the primary crop and ingredient for breadmaking for most cultures (Shewry, 2008).
Variety identification is difficult and is often hampered by the use of a class of cereal variety as a vernacular replacement for proper nomenclature and marketing purposes (CGC) has similarly muddled the understanding of the topic. Widespread beliefs among non-specialists that scientific names (latin) accounts for all sub-varieties causes further confusion.
Thus a disconnect exists between scientific, commercial, agricultural and laymen views on a critical crop of the food supply. This ontology is an attempt at unifying as much of the different nomenclatures, classes and references as possible to obtain a coherent global view of cereals while enabling users to precisely reference the thing that they are talking about, even when that thing is imprecise. These terms are related one to another by properties to facilitate comparison and/or establish class membership.
The ontology was constructed using authoritative data sets, scientific publications, referenced at the term level using the provenance ontology prov:wasInformedBy as a justification for its existence. Protected names, patents and seed registration authorities are also linked to using specialized properties. Secondary and tertiary reference documents are also listed within the term for bibliographical purposes.
This recounts a brief history of wheat with specific highlights that are relavent to this ontology. More information on the history of wheat can be found elsewhere since a more comprehensive history is out of scope for this document (Evans, 1981, Shewry, 2008; Brosnan, 2016).
The earliest known occurances of the cultivation of wheat occured about 8,000 to 10,000 years in Mesopotamia during the Mesolithic period (Evans, 1981). Over the next 7,000 years wheat spread throughout Africa, Europe and Asia. It was only introduced to the Americas by the Spaniards through Mexico in 1529 (Shewry, 2008). During this time, wheat evolved from the early cultivated forms of diploid einkorn and tetraploid emmer to be optimized for various geographic locations thorugh the use of selective breeding (Evans, 1981). As a result of this period of selecting ideal traits came the emergance of the hexaploid bread wheat from the hybridization of emmer with native wild grasses (Shewry, 2008).
Until the late 18th century, agriculture was widly intregrated in the society and economy of the U.S. (Brosnan, 2016). With the decline of the rural population from the 19th century onwards, farms became increasing more mechanized and larger, which changed the very nature of agriculture. A variety of new wheat strains cropped up as a result of industrialized farming to be tailored to local conditions and technology. An example is the indroduction of wheat from the Mediterranean and Russia to North America that were better suited for industrial scale operations.
A secondary effect of industrialized farming was the alienation of consumers from the food production process (Brosnan, 2016). Dating back to the start of the 20th century, the combination of increased industrialization and optimization of agricuture techniques brought into question the health qualities of industrially processed vs 'natural' food. This shift in farming practices resulted in the rise of "unconventional" agricultural practices.
"Unconventional", also known as "organic" or "sustainable" agriculture, farming practices are an attempt to mitigate some of the impacts of conventional farmning practices by using more sustainable and environmental mthods. Issues such as soil health, water usage and greenhouse gas emmissions are closely monitored (Feenstra, 2019). To manage these isses, unconventional farmers use a variety of approaches and techniques that have reprocussions rippling downstream in the supply chain. Because these methods and techniques are so varied, they have become increasingly difficult to standardize, which gave rise to a number of organic certifiers. The certifications provided by these certification bodies add value to the consumers who are looking for more information on where their food was coming from and how it was produced in an attempt to be less removed from the farm to plate process. The hope is to ensure that consumers have all the information available in order for consumers to make informed decisions on health conscious and carbon-friendly food options.
About 95% of all wheat grown today are hexploid bread wheats, while the remaining 5% being primarily composed of tetrapoid durum wheat that is better adapted to dry Mediterranean climates (Shewry, 2008). A wide variety of other wheats such as einkorn, emmer and spelt in small quantities where conditions are better suited for them rather than bread wheats. Recently, these 'ancient grains' have seen a resurgence as alternative to bread wheats in response to the growing movement towards unconventional farming. In total, there are more than 25,000 varieties of wheat that have been cultivated.
The scope of this ontology is to provide traceability of cereals from producers to processors, distributors and eventually to consumers. This is to ensure end to end transparency so that clients can have as much information as possible so that they can make more informed decisions on their food choices. Also traceability will help close the knowledge gap between consumers and producers as well as provide insurance for the producers, processors and for governing bodies. In short, the goal of this ontology is to provide knowledge and support the end users so that they know exactly what it is that they're buying.
The CerealsToo ontology is both human and machine readable, is based on biological taxonomies and references governmental classifications. The primary classifications used in this ontology are primarily the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Canadian Grain Commission (CGC), and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). Further effort was required for some corner cases, such as those outside of the governmental classifications or due to constraints with the ontology (i.e. what should be a class, certain tags, translations). There is a difference between what something is and what it is called. Also the degeeracy of nomeclature for wheats has been a result of its wide genetic diversity. Explainations on the steps taken to sure the harmony between machine and human readability in this ontology have been outlined below. Due to the dual criterias of being human and machine readable, this ontology provides a much higher level of classification of the exceptions that have been outlined below.
This ontology is a machine readable with multilingual labels provided whenever possible.
The classes 'Durum' and 'Hard Wheat' were difficult to translate into other languages (specifically french). Hard Wheat is an umbrella term for all cultivars of wheat with a higher protein (and therefore gluten) count. Durum is a type of Hard Wheat, whose name derives from the Latin word for 'Hard'. In French however, both of these terms translate to 'Blé Dur' in French (Canadian). Across many agricltural sites this degeneracy is present and they fail to provide any satisfactory resolution (FAO Term Portal, AIMS). Therefore, in order to ensure unique classes in the ontology, the CGC terminology is used since they differentiate between 'Hard Wheat' and 'Durum' by using 'Blé de Force' and 'Blé Dur', respectively, in French (Canadian) (CGC). This is essential to define in the ontology because of the conflicting terms from different standards (FAO vs CGC) also it avoids confusion arising between the two classes during translation.
This section deals with corner cases that involve sociological discrepancies and the reasoning behind why certain decisions were made. Definitions and documentation are key to ensuring that everything in this ontology is well defined to human users.
According to (Clarke, 2008) it was found that Durum naturally accumulates a noticible amount of cadmium. The gene that causes this, (Cdu1), was isolated, which allows Durum varieties to be selectively bred to have cadmium levels well within safety limits and regulations, (< 200 mg kg-1), such as for Strongfield and Eurostar (Dexter, 2008, Rizwan, 2016). The question remains as to whether organic farmers who are planting the more 'natural' varities of Durum that have the low-cadmium gene or not. In the cases that they do not have the low-cadmium gene, there are measures that can be taken in order keep the cadmium levels down. This depends on the local concentration of cadmium in the soil but also fertilization choices or pretreatments (Rizwan, 2016). Testing should be done to ensure that the levels of cadmium remain well within safety limits and it is essential that this ontology has a cadmium property to do so. Proper documentation is also essential so as to not confuse the human users.
foaf:name was used for names of wheat varieties rather than rdfs:label since foaf:name is more appropriate for the 'name' of a variety. Also names are not translateable wheras labels can be.
foaf:name was also used for acronyms since it differs from rdfs:label, and although the Government of Canada provides acronyms for the french translations, most organizations do not provide translatable acronyms.
Wheats that are considered "Spring Wheats" are varieties of wheats that have a genetic predisposition to have better yeilds when planted in the spring. This doesn't mean that Spring Wheat can't be grown later in the season. Indeed, leftover spring wheat is often planted later in the season in order to boost yields. This is also the case for leftover Winter Wheats in the sense that wheat that aren't necessarily Spring Wheats can be planted in the spring. These are sometimes referred to as Spring Wheats as well since they were planted in the spring. Ontologically, the useage of the same term for multiple definitions causes uncertaintainty regarding output.
This issue is addressed by defining the term 'Spring Wheat' as either: wheat that have been bred to produce better yields when planted in the spring and wheats not genetically bred to be planted in the spring but is planted when conditions are ideal. It is essential to define these cases so that confusion is minimized the mislabelling of terms is avoided.
The official definition of the USDA is "All varieties of white (amber) durum wheat", but it does not make sense since 'white' and 'amber' cannot both be applied to the same grain of durum. Do they mean white durum flour that has been bleached? This needs to be elaborated on. For now the definition was changed to: "This class includes all varieties of durum wheat".
Below are the links to the authoritative sources of our data. Much of the datasets in the field of agronomy are either non-existant or lacking in proper documentation regarding decisions and citations. The Units of Measurement Ontology is referenced in CerealsToo to standardize measurements.
Units of Measurements Ontology - http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/UO
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) -http://www.fao.org/home/en/
The Canadian Grain Commission (CGC) - https://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/index-eng.htm
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) - http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/home/?id=1395690825741
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - https://www.usda.gov/
Dictionaries: Wheat, WheatClass,
Classes: Cereal, Cultivar, Family, Grass, Wheat, WheatClass,
Properties: canadianCultivarNumber, canadianPlantNumber, cgcProperties, cultivarUSDA, experimentalNumber, lineNumberUSDA, origin, pedigree, plantIntroductionNumber, pnt, previousName, pvpo, regions, registrationNumber, registrationStatus, representative, usdaNumber, usdaProperties,
Instances: ClassifiedbyCGC, ClassifiedbyUSDA, HardWheat, RedWheat, SoftWheat, SpringWheat, WhiteWheat, WinterWheat, aafc-1, aafc-1141, aafc-1146, aafc-1150, aafc-1152, aafc-1193, aafc-120, aafc-1206, aafc-122, aafc-1317, aafc-1334, aafc-1338, aafc-1395, aafc-1401, aafc-1405, aafc-1418, aafc-1520, aafc-1522, aafc-1533, aafc-1611, aafc-1613, aafc-1632, aafc-1667, aafc-1721, aafc-1771, aafc-1912, aafc-1955, aafc-2009, aafc-2032, aafc-2085, aafc-2123, aafc-2135, aafc-2162, aafc-221, aafc-2217, aafc-224, aafc-2248, aafc-2257, aafc-2258, aafc-2313, aafc-2314, aafc-2321, aafc-2433, aafc-2479, aafc-2518, aafc-2536, aafc-2549, aafc-2556, aafc-2666, aafc-2669, aafc-2679, aafc-2680, aafc-2681, aafc-2682, aafc-2683, aafc-2684, aafc-2685, aafc-2686, aafc-2687, aafc-2688, aafc-2689, aafc-2690, aafc-2691, aafc-2696, aafc-272, aafc-273, aafc-2730, aafc-2761, aafc-2782, aafc-2803, aafc-285, aafc-289, aafc-295, aafc-2973, aafc-30, aafc-303, aafc-3089, aafc-3136, aafc-3146, aafc-32, aafc-323, aafc-3257, aafc-3273, aafc-3274, aafc-3276, aafc-3301, aafc-3311, aafc-3318, aafc-3320, aafc-3354, aafc-3356, aafc-3358, aafc-3363, aafc-3435, aafc-3436, aafc-3445, aafc-3461, aafc-3468, aafc-3490, aafc-3499, aafc-3552, aafc-3561, aafc-3590, aafc-3659, aafc-3660, aafc-3727, aafc-3758, aafc-3759, aafc-3788, aafc-3796, aafc-3806, aafc-3828, aafc-3829, aafc-3830, aafc-3834, aafc-3858, aafc-3863, aafc-3897, aafc-3980, aafc-3991, aafc-4008, aafc-401, aafc-4021, aafc-4037, aafc-4061, aafc-4063, aafc-4074, aafc-4148, aafc-4151, aafc-4159, aafc-4165, aafc-4175, aafc-4183, aafc-4184, aafc-4192, aafc-4194, aafc-4245, aafc-4287, aafc-4301, aafc-4302, aafc-4347, aafc-4371, aafc-4376, aafc-4378, aafc-4400, aafc-4420, aafc-4427, aafc-452, aafc-4523, aafc-4534, aafc-4570, aafc-4591, aafc-460, aafc-4617, aafc-462, aafc-4626, aafc-4627, aafc-463, aafc-4638, aafc-4653, aafc-4663, aafc-4672, aafc-4673, aafc-4688, aafc-4704, aafc-4714, aafc-4735, aafc-4736, aafc-477, aafc-478, aafc-4792, aafc-4793, aafc-4794, aafc-48, aafc-4816, aafc-4817, aafc-4819, aafc-4820, aafc-4821, aafc-4877, aafc-4922, aafc-4948, aafc-4960, aafc-4961, aafc-4962, aafc-4969, aafc-497, aafc-4980, aafc-4981, aafc-4995, aafc-5003, aafc-5005, aafc-5007, aafc-5008, aafc-5010, aafc-5015, aafc-502, aafc-503, aafc-5041, aafc-5065, aafc-5081, aafc-5082, aafc-5083, aafc-5099, aafc-5190, aafc-5195, aafc-5238, aafc-5239, aafc-5258, aafc-5264, aafc-5295, aafc-5300, aafc-5321, aafc-5340, aafc-5345, aafc-5346, aafc-5353, aafc-5354, aafc-5371, aafc-5372, aafc-5388, aafc-5389, aafc-539, aafc-5390, aafc-5391, aafc-5392, aafc-5393, aafc-5396, aafc-5397, aafc-5406, aafc-5412, aafc-5427, aafc-543, aafc-5436, aafc-5441, aafc-547, aafc-5475, aafc-5503, aafc-5508, aafc-5510, aafc-5517, aafc-5518, aafc-5522, aafc-5523, aafc-5535, aafc-5536, aafc-5542, aafc-5545, aafc-5551, aafc-5556, aafc-5560, aafc-5570, aafc-558, aafc-5660, aafc-5669, aafc-5676, aafc-5677, aafc-5684, aafc-5689, aafc-5696, aafc-5714, aafc-5715, aafc-5726, aafc-573, aafc-5734, aafc-5737, aafc-5743, aafc-578, aafc-5798, aafc-5799, aafc-5800, aafc-5801, aafc-581, aafc-5819, aafc-582, aafc-5839, aafc-5852, aafc-5858, aafc-5860, aafc-5861, aafc-5864, aafc-5869, aafc-5896, aafc-5898, aafc-5904, aafc-5909, aafc-5961, aafc-5972, aafc-5974, aafc-5978, aafc-5979, aafc-5988, aafc-5989, aafc-600, aafc-6005, aafc-6006, aafc-602, aafc-6037, aafc-6067, aafc-6068, aafc-6079, aafc-6104, aafc-6125, aafc-6154, aafc-6162, aafc-6165, aafc-6172, aafc-6183, aafc-619, aafc-6207, aafc-6208, aafc-6226, aafc-6252, aafc-6256, aafc-6257, aafc-6258, aafc-6287, aafc-6298, aafc-6299, aafc-6305, aafc-6315, aafc-6316, aafc-6317, aafc-6328, aafc-6342, aafc-6363, aafc-6366, aafc-6449, aafc-6451, aafc-6468, aafc-6469, aafc-6470, aafc-6471, aafc-6486, aafc-6487, aafc-6494, aafc-6495, aafc-6496, aafc-6497, aafc-6502, aafc-6516, aafc-6517, aafc-6554, aafc-6555, aafc-6556, aafc-6571, aafc-6572, aafc-6584, aafc-66, aafc-6602, aafc-6603, aafc-6614, aafc-6615, aafc-6616, aafc-6618, aafc-6629, aafc-6630, aafc-6631, aafc-6660, aafc-6661, aafc-6662, aafc-6668, aafc-6675, aafc-6679, aafc-6680, aafc-6681, aafc-6682, aafc-6697, aafc-6760, aafc-6782, aafc-6784, aafc-6785, aafc-6804, aafc-6805, aafc-6806, aafc-6807, aafc-6808, aafc-6809, aafc-6819, aafc-6828, aafc-6829, aafc-684, aafc-6854, aafc-6858, aafc-6859, aafc-6860, aafc-6877, aafc-6888, aafc-6890, aafc-6891, aafc-690, aafc-6903, aafc-6937, aafc-6958, aafc-6962, aafc-6963, aafc-6974, aafc-6982, aafc-6997, aafc-6998, aafc-7, aafc-7031, aafc-7045, aafc-7046, aafc-7061, aafc-7062, aafc-7063, aafc-7066, aafc-7068, aafc-7076, aafc-7096, aafc-7127, aafc-7128, aafc-7134, aafc-7154, aafc-716, aafc-7167, aafc-7186, aafc-7187, aafc-7188, aafc-7201, aafc-7206, aafc-7208, aafc-7209, aafc-7218, aafc-7220, aafc-7231, aafc-7243, aafc-7252, aafc-7253, aafc-7259, aafc-7285, aafc-7302, aafc-7307, aafc-7312, aafc-7313, aafc-7314, aafc-7315, aafc-7321, aafc-733, aafc-7359, aafc-7360, aafc-7361, aafc-7362, aafc-7363, aafc-7378, aafc-7401, aafc-7408, aafc-7411, aafc-7420, aafc-7442, aafc-7448, aafc-7449, aafc-7450, aafc-7452, aafc-7456, aafc-7457, aafc-7458, aafc-7478, aafc-7479, aafc-7484, aafc-7485, aafc-7486, aafc-7494, aafc-7524, aafc-7542, aafc-7547, aafc-7563, aafc-7565, aafc-7566, aafc-7567, aafc-7580, aafc-7582, aafc-7584, aafc-7590, aafc-7591, aafc-7592, aafc-7593, aafc-7608, aafc-7625, aafc-7626, aafc-7627, aafc-7669, aafc-767, aafc-7679, aafc-7699, aafc-770, aafc-7700, aafc-7703, aafc-7704, aafc-771, aafc-7735, aafc-7736, aafc-7751, aafc-7764, aafc-7765, aafc-7778, aafc-7786, aafc-7831, aafc-7832, aafc-7833, aafc-7857, aafc-7858, aafc-7870, aafc-7871, aafc-7872, aafc-7917, aafc-7918, aafc-7919, aafc-7920, aafc-7921, aafc-7941, aafc-7961, aafc-7962, aafc-8003, aafc-8007, aafc-8048, aafc-8052, aafc-8053, aafc-8071, aafc-8072, aafc-8079, aafc-8083, aafc-8084, aafc-8085, aafc-8088, aafc-8093, aafc-810, aafc-8105, aafc-8106, aafc-8107, aafc-8123, aafc-8130, aafc-8138, aafc-8142, aafc-8192, aafc-8232, aafc-8233, aafc-8234, aafc-8237, aafc-8240, aafc-8246, aafc-8249, aafc-8262, aafc-8346, aafc-8347, aafc-8350, aafc-8351, aafc-8353, aafc-8363, aafc-8378, aafc-8386, aafc-8387, aafc-8388, aafc-8389, aafc-8399, aafc-8429, aafc-843, aafc-8439, aafc-8445, aafc-8449, aafc-845, aafc-8450, aafc-8457, aafc-8493, aafc-8494, aafc-8533, aafc-8534, aafc-8543, aafc-8576, aafc-8577, aafc-8578, aafc-8590, aafc-8600, aafc-8619, aafc-8620, aafc-8626, aafc-8627, aafc-8628, aafc-8629, aafc-8636, aafc-8637, aafc-8646, aafc-8647, aafc-8651, aafc-8660, aafc-8668, aafc-8670, aafc-8690, aafc-8695, aafc-870, aafc-8708, aafc-873, aafc-8757, aafc-8758, aafc-8832, aafc-8844, aafc-8845, aafc-8853, aafc-8854, aafc-8862, aafc-8863, aafc-8865, aafc-8880, aafc-8890, aafc-8893, aafc-8894, aafc-8895, aafc-8923, aafc-8926, aafc-958, aafc-982, aafc-I-107, aafc-I-124, aafc-I-179, aafc-I-214, aafc-I-229, aafc-I-231, aafc-I-245, aafc-I-273, aafc-I-277, aafc-I-287, aafc-I-318, aafc-I-319, aafc-I-420, aafc-I-50, aafc-I-91, aafc-P-15, aafc-P-8,
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#Wheat
Wheat
Wheats are considered to be any of several species of cereal grasses of the genus Triticum (family Poaceae) and their edible seeds (or grains). Wheats can be categorized as either hard or soft, spring or winter, and red or white.
Concepts: aafc-1, aafc-1141, aafc-1146, aafc-1150, aafc-1152, aafc-1193, aafc-120, aafc-1206, aafc-122, aafc-1317, aafc-1334, aafc-1338, aafc-1395, aafc-1401, aafc-1405, aafc-1418, aafc-1520, aafc-1522, aafc-1533, aafc-1611, aafc-1613, aafc-1632, aafc-1667, aafc-1721, aafc-1771, aafc-1912, aafc-1955, aafc-2009, aafc-2032, aafc-2085, aafc-2123, aafc-2135, aafc-2162, aafc-221, aafc-2217, aafc-224, aafc-2248, aafc-2257, aafc-2258, aafc-2313, aafc-2314, aafc-2321, aafc-2433, aafc-2479, aafc-2518, aafc-2536, aafc-2549, aafc-2556, aafc-2666, aafc-2669, aafc-2679, aafc-2680, aafc-2681, aafc-2682, aafc-2683, aafc-2684, aafc-2685, aafc-2686, aafc-2687, aafc-2688, aafc-2689, aafc-2690, aafc-2691, aafc-2696, aafc-272, aafc-273, aafc-2730, aafc-2761, aafc-2782, aafc-2803, aafc-285, aafc-289, aafc-295, aafc-2973, aafc-30, aafc-303, aafc-3089, aafc-3136, aafc-3146, aafc-32, aafc-323, aafc-3257, aafc-3273, aafc-3274, aafc-3276, aafc-3301, aafc-3311, aafc-3318, aafc-3320, aafc-3354, aafc-3356, aafc-3358, aafc-3363, aafc-3435, aafc-3436, aafc-3445, aafc-3461, aafc-3468, aafc-3490, aafc-3499, aafc-3552, aafc-3561, aafc-3590, aafc-3659, aafc-3660, aafc-3727, aafc-3758, aafc-3759, aafc-3788, aafc-3796, aafc-3806, aafc-3828, aafc-3829, aafc-3830, aafc-3834, aafc-3858, aafc-3863, aafc-3897, aafc-3980, aafc-3991, aafc-4008, aafc-401, aafc-4021, aafc-4037, aafc-4061, aafc-4063, aafc-4074, aafc-4148, aafc-4151, aafc-4159, aafc-4165, aafc-4175, aafc-4183, aafc-4184, aafc-4192, aafc-4194, aafc-4245, aafc-4287, aafc-4301, aafc-4302, aafc-4347, aafc-4371, aafc-4376, aafc-4378, aafc-4400, aafc-4420, aafc-4427, aafc-452, aafc-4523, aafc-4534, aafc-4570, aafc-4591, aafc-460, aafc-4617, aafc-462, aafc-4626, aafc-4627, aafc-463, aafc-4638, aafc-4653, aafc-4663, aafc-4672, aafc-4673, aafc-4688, aafc-4704, aafc-4714, aafc-4735, aafc-4736, aafc-477, aafc-478, aafc-4792, aafc-4793, aafc-4794, aafc-48, aafc-4816, aafc-4817, aafc-4819, aafc-4820, aafc-4821, aafc-4877, aafc-4922, aafc-4948, aafc-4960, aafc-4961, aafc-4962, aafc-4969, aafc-497, aafc-4980, aafc-4981, aafc-4995, aafc-5003, aafc-5005, aafc-5007, aafc-5008, aafc-5010, aafc-5015, aafc-502, aafc-503, aafc-5041, aafc-5065, aafc-5081, aafc-5082, aafc-5083, aafc-5099, aafc-5190, aafc-5195, aafc-5238, aafc-5239, aafc-5258, aafc-5264, aafc-5295, aafc-5300, aafc-5321, aafc-5340, aafc-5345, aafc-5346, aafc-5353, aafc-5354, aafc-5371, aafc-5372, aafc-5388, aafc-5389, aafc-539, aafc-5390, aafc-5391, aafc-5392, aafc-5393, aafc-5396, aafc-5397, aafc-5406, aafc-5412, aafc-5427, aafc-543, aafc-5436, aafc-5441, aafc-547, aafc-5475, aafc-5503, aafc-5508, aafc-5510, aafc-5517, aafc-5518, aafc-5522, aafc-5523, aafc-5535, aafc-5536, aafc-5542, aafc-5545, aafc-5551, aafc-5556, aafc-5560, aafc-5570, aafc-558, aafc-5660, aafc-5669, aafc-5676, aafc-5677, aafc-5684, aafc-5689, aafc-5696, aafc-5714, aafc-5715, aafc-5726, aafc-573, aafc-5734, aafc-5737, aafc-5743, aafc-578, aafc-5798, aafc-5799, aafc-5800, aafc-5801, aafc-581, aafc-5819, aafc-582, aafc-5839, aafc-5852, aafc-5858, aafc-5860, aafc-5861, aafc-5864, aafc-5869, aafc-5896, aafc-5898, aafc-5904, aafc-5909, aafc-5961, aafc-5972, aafc-5974, aafc-5978, aafc-5979, aafc-5988, aafc-5989, aafc-600, aafc-6005, aafc-6006, aafc-602, aafc-6037, aafc-6067, aafc-6068, aafc-6079, aafc-6104, aafc-6125, aafc-6154, aafc-6162, aafc-6165, aafc-6172, aafc-6183, aafc-619, aafc-6207, aafc-6208, aafc-6226, aafc-6252, aafc-6256, aafc-6257, aafc-6258, aafc-6287, aafc-6298, aafc-6299, aafc-6305, aafc-6315, aafc-6316, aafc-6317, aafc-6328, aafc-6342, aafc-6363, aafc-6366, aafc-6449, aafc-6451, aafc-6468, aafc-6469, aafc-6470, aafc-6471, aafc-6486, aafc-6487, aafc-6494, aafc-6495, aafc-6496, aafc-6497, aafc-6502, aafc-6516, aafc-6517, aafc-6554, aafc-6555, aafc-6556, aafc-6571, aafc-6572, aafc-6584, aafc-66, aafc-6602, aafc-6603, aafc-6614, aafc-6615, aafc-6616, aafc-6618, aafc-6629, aafc-6630, aafc-6631, aafc-6660, aafc-6661, aafc-6662, aafc-6668, aafc-6675, aafc-6679, aafc-6680, aafc-6681, aafc-6682, aafc-6697, aafc-6760, aafc-6782, aafc-6784, aafc-6785, aafc-6804, aafc-6805, aafc-6806, aafc-6807, aafc-6808, aafc-6809, aafc-6819, aafc-6828, aafc-6829, aafc-684, aafc-6854, aafc-6858, aafc-6859, aafc-6860, aafc-6877, aafc-6888, aafc-6890, aafc-6891, aafc-690, aafc-6903, aafc-6937, aafc-6958, aafc-6962, aafc-6963, aafc-6974, aafc-6982, aafc-6997, aafc-6998, aafc-7, aafc-7031, aafc-7045, aafc-7046, aafc-7061, aafc-7062, aafc-7063, aafc-7066, aafc-7068, aafc-7076, aafc-7096, aafc-7127, aafc-7128, aafc-7134, aafc-7154, aafc-716, aafc-7167, aafc-7186, aafc-7187, aafc-7188, aafc-7201, aafc-7206, aafc-7208, aafc-7209, aafc-7218, aafc-7220, aafc-7231, aafc-7243, aafc-7252, aafc-7253, aafc-7259, aafc-7285, aafc-7302, aafc-7307, aafc-7312, aafc-7313, aafc-7314, aafc-7315, aafc-7321, aafc-733, aafc-7359, aafc-7360, aafc-7361, aafc-7362, aafc-7363, aafc-7378, aafc-7401, aafc-7408, aafc-7411, aafc-7420, aafc-7442, aafc-7448, aafc-7449, aafc-7450, aafc-7452, aafc-7456, aafc-7457, aafc-7458, aafc-7478, aafc-7479, aafc-7484, aafc-7485, aafc-7486, aafc-7494, aafc-7524, aafc-7542, aafc-7547, aafc-7563, aafc-7565, aafc-7566, aafc-7567, aafc-7580, aafc-7582, aafc-7584, aafc-7590, aafc-7591, aafc-7592, aafc-7593, aafc-7608, aafc-7625, aafc-7626, aafc-7627, aafc-7669, aafc-767, aafc-7679, aafc-7699, aafc-770, aafc-7700, aafc-7703, aafc-7704, aafc-771, aafc-7735, aafc-7736, aafc-7751, aafc-7764, aafc-7765, aafc-7778, aafc-7786, aafc-7831, aafc-7832, aafc-7833, aafc-7857, aafc-7858, aafc-7870, aafc-7871, aafc-7872, aafc-7917, aafc-7918, aafc-7919, aafc-7920, aafc-7921, aafc-7941, aafc-7961, aafc-7962, aafc-8003, aafc-8007, aafc-8048, aafc-8052, aafc-8053, aafc-8071, aafc-8072, aafc-8079, aafc-8083, aafc-8084, aafc-8085, aafc-8088, aafc-8093, aafc-810, aafc-8105, aafc-8106, aafc-8107, aafc-8123, aafc-8130, aafc-8138, aafc-8142, aafc-8192, aafc-8232, aafc-8233, aafc-8234, aafc-8237, aafc-8240, aafc-8246, aafc-8249, aafc-8262, aafc-8346, aafc-8347, aafc-8350, aafc-8351, aafc-8353, aafc-8363, aafc-8378, aafc-8386, aafc-8387, aafc-8388, aafc-8389, aafc-8399, aafc-8429, aafc-843, aafc-8439, aafc-8445, aafc-8449, aafc-845, aafc-8450, aafc-8457, aafc-8493, aafc-8494, aafc-8533, aafc-8534, aafc-8543, aafc-8576, aafc-8577, aafc-8578, aafc-8590, aafc-8600, aafc-8619, aafc-8620, aafc-8626, aafc-8627, aafc-8628, aafc-8629, aafc-8636, aafc-8637, aafc-8646, aafc-8647, aafc-8651, aafc-8660, aafc-8668, aafc-8670, aafc-8690, aafc-8695, aafc-870, aafc-8708, aafc-873, aafc-8757, aafc-8758, aafc-8832, aafc-8844, aafc-8845, aafc-8853, aafc-8854, aafc-8862, aafc-8863, aafc-8865, aafc-8880, aafc-8890, aafc-8893, aafc-8894, aafc-8895, aafc-8923, aafc-8926, aafc-958, aafc-982, aafc-I-107, aafc-I-124, aafc-I-179, aafc-I-214, aafc-I-229, aafc-I-231, aafc-I-245, aafc-I-273, aafc-I-277, aafc-I-287, aafc-I-318, aafc-I-319, aafc-I-420, aafc-I-50, aafc-I-91, aafc-P-15, aafc-P-8,
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#WheatClass
Wheat Class
A descriptive grouping of certain types of wheat. The types of grouping varies depending on the country.
Concepts: ClassifiedbyCGC, ClassifiedbyUSDA, HardWheat, RedWheat, SoftWheat, SpringWheat, WhiteWheat, WinterWheat,
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#Cereal
Cereals
Cereals, also called grains, are any grass plants of the Poaceae family that yield seeds that are starchy and can be consumed. These seeds (grains) are rich in carbohydrates, relatively low in protein, and are not good sources calcium and vitamin A.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#Cultivar
None
According to the International Code of Nomeclature the cultivar definition is a grouping of plants that a) has been selected for a particular character or characters; b) stable, distinct and uniform; c) when appropriately propagated they retain those same charactereristics for which they were selected.
Comment:
Cultivar literally means 'cultivated variety'. See the International Code of Nomeclature for more information.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#Family
Family
A taxonomic rank in the classification of organisms that is located between genus and order.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#Grass
Grass
The plant family Poaceae (formerly Gramineae) is a family of plants whose members have contiguous, hollow, stems; leaves that are narrow-sheathed; spikelets with petal-free flowers and fruit in the form of grains. Included in this family are herbs, bamboo, sugar cane and cereals. Poaceae account for 24% of terrestrial vegetation and are the largest food group comsumed by humans.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#Wheat
Wheat
Wheats are considered to be any of several species of cereal grasses of the genus Triticum (family Poaceae) and their edible seeds (or grains). Wheats can be categorized as either hard or soft, spring or winter, and red or white.
Comment:
The part of wheat that contains the grains (seeds) is called the 'head' or 'ear' of wheat: http://wheatdoctor.org/parts-of-the-wheat-plant.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#WheatClass
Wheat Class
A descriptive grouping of certain types of wheat. The types of grouping varies depending on the country.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#canadianCultivarNumber
Canadian Cultivar Number
A number ascribed to a cultivar by the USDA.
Comment:
All numbers assigned a CV number have the abbreviation 'CV' in front of a four digit accession number (separated by a hyphen, no spaces).
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#canadianPlantNumber
Canadian Plant Number
A number ascribed to a variety coming from Canada by the USDA.
Comment:
All numbers assigned a CN number have the abbreviation 'CN' in front of a six digit accession number (no spaces).
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#cgcProperties
Canadian Grains Commission Properties
These properties are used by the Canadian Grain Commission for wheat classification.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#cultivarUSDA
USDA Cultivar
The name or designation assigned by the USDA to identify a cultivar.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#experimentalNumber
Experimental Number
The number ascribed to a variety before it was registered and assigned a registration number.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#lineNumberUSDA
USDA Wheat Line #
A number ascribed to a variety before it was released as a cultivar by the USDA.
Comment:
I.e. All Montana lines are designated as MTxxxxxx in field trials before they were given a cultivar identifier.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#origin
Origin
The place where the plant variety was originally bred.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#pedigree
Pedigree
The lineage of a variety of wheat.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#plantIntroductionNumber
Plant Introduction Number
A number ascribed to a variety by Plant Introduction Office, formerly the Plant Exchange Office (PEO).
Comment:
All numbers assigned a PI number have the abbreviation 'PI' in front of a six digit accession number (no spaces).
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#pnt
Plants with Novel Traits
Plants with traits or characteristics that are novel to the Canadian environment that have been introduced through the use of biotechnology, mutagenesis, or through conventional breeding techniques.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#previousName
Previous Name
A previous name given to the variety before it was changed.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#pvpo
Plant Variety Protection Office
If the abbreviation 'PVPO' is used with the USDA # then it indicates that the intellectual property is provided to the breeders of that plant variety.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#regions
Regions
Regions where this variety has been registered if this variety has a Regional Registration status.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#registrationNumber
Registration Number
The number assigned to a plant variety once it is registered by the Canadian Government.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#registrationStatus
Registration Status
The status of this variety registration.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#representative
Canadian Representative
The group or body that speaks on behalf of, or represents, this wheat variety.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#usdaNumber
USDA Number
A number ascribed to a variety by the USDA.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#usdaProperties
USDA Properties
The properties used by the USDA for wheat classification and designation.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#ClassifiedbyCGC
Classified by the Canadian Grains Commission
The Canadian Grains Commission classifies its wheats into two mail classes: Eastern and Western. Within those groups are various classifications based on the type of wheat, which are usually categorized as a combination of the following properties: Red/White, Soft/Hard and Spring/Winter.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#ClassifiedbyUSDA
Classified by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
The USDA divides wheat into eight classes: Durum wheat, Hard Red Spring wheat, Hard Red Winter wheat, Soft Red Winter wheat, Hard White wheat, Soft White wheat, Unclassed wheat, and Mixed wheat.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#HardWheat
Hard Wheat
Wheats that are considered 'Hard' have a higher protein content relative to 'Soft' wheats. This means that these wheats have more gluten, which makes them ideal for baked goods that are yeast-leavened as the gluten provides the elastic component of dough and what allows bread to have a spongy texture.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#RedWheat
Red Wheat
There are three characteristics that typically categorize wheats: spring/winter, red/white, hard/soft. It is not always easy to decern color in wheat kernels, but red wheat kernels show pigmentation (often reddish) in the bran of the grain. The genes of the wheat plant are what determines if there is a presence of pigments in the bran.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#SoftWheat
Soft Wheat
Wheats that are classified as 'Soft' have a larger percentage of carbohydrates than protein (gluten), which makes this classification of wheat ideal for pasties and cakes. Soft wheats are mostly categorized as 'Winter' wheats.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#SpringWheat
Spring Wheat
Certain wheats varieties that have been bred, or have a genetic disposition, to produce higher yields when planted in the spring. This class can also include wheats that have not been bred to be spring wheats but wheats that produce good yields when planted in the spring, under ideal conditions.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#WhiteWheat
White Wheat
White wheats are wheat that have an absence of pigments in the bran of their kernels. This absence of pigmentation is due to the genetic make up of the plant.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#WinterWheat
Winter Wheat
Winter wheat are wheat cultivars that are bred, or have a genetic disposition, to produce better yields when they are planted in the fall, left to overwinter and then harvested in the spring. However, other varieties can also produce good yields (under ideal conditions) if they are planted in the fall as well; even if they aren't considered typically a winter wheat they can be used as winter wheat.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-32
RED BOBS NO. 222
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-6068
FTHP REDEEMER
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-6256
WENTWORTH HRW
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-6305
CDC PTARMIGAN
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7127
CDC VR MORRIS
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7128
CDC PLENTIFUL
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7442
AAC MARCHWELL
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7448
CDC PRIMEPURPLE
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7450
CDC WHITEWOOD
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7478
AAC DURAFIELD
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7563
CDC FORTITUDE
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7627
AAC TENACIOUS
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7765
AAC TRADITION
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7832
CDC PRECISION
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7870
AAC CROSSFIELD
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7872
AAC PARAMOUNT
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-7919
AAC VIEWFIELD
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-8085
AAC STRONGHOLD
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-8600
AAC Wheatland
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-8619
CDC Cordon CLPlus
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-8670
AAC Grainland
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-8844
CDC UltraPrime Purple
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-8890
AAC Broadacres
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-I-214
OAC MONTROSE
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/cerealstoo#aafc-I-245
AC PATHFINDER
The RDF terms for the bibliography are marked unstable as the bibliography generator is buggy and requires further work.
Deprecated Terms:
This bibliography is available as a Bibtex file here.
| [1] | AMS USDA. Plant variety protection, 2020. [ http ] |
| [2] | Jim Berg. North american wheat varieties released since 1990. [ .pdf ] |
| [3] | Christopher S. Campbell. Poaceae. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2016. [ http ] |
| [4] | Canadian Grain Commission. Canada western amber durum (cwad), 2018. [ .html ] |
| [5] | Canadian Grain Commission. New eastern wheat class offers more flexibility for producers and industry, November 2018. [ .html ] |
| [6] | Canadian Grain Commission. Canadian what classes, 2019. [ http ] |
| [7] | Cereals Canada. Canadian Wheat Crop in Review. 2017. [ http ] |
| [8] | Government of Canada. Varieties of crop kinds registered in canada lookup results for: Registration #: All , crop kind: Wheat, sub-crop kind: All , variety name: All , canadian representative: All , search pnt's: All, registration status: All , start date: All , end date: All. [ http ] |
| [9] | Government of Canada. Plants with novel traits, 2020. [ http ] |
| [10] | Gramene. Triticum introduction, 2013. [ .html ] |
| [11] | Marie HRUŠKOVÁ; Ivan ŠVEC. Wheat hardness in relation to other quality factors. Czech J. Food Sci., 27(4):240–248, 2009. [ .pdf ] |
| [12] | International Code of Nomeclature for Cultivated Plants. International Society for Horticultural Science, eighth edition, 2009. [ .pdf ] |
| [13] | Dave Matthews and Ken Kephart. How to create germplasm records for graingenes. [ .html ] |
| [14] | NPGS USDA, ARS. Manual of Procedures for the National Plant Germplasm System. USDA, ARS, NPGS, June 2012. |
| [15] | United States Department of Agriculture. Subpart m – united states standards for wheat, 2014. [ .pdf ] |
| [16] | D. Wang; F. E. Dowell; R. E. Lacey. Single wheat kernel color classification by using near-infrared reflectance spectra. Cereal Chemistry, 76(1):30–33, 1999. [ .pdf ] |
Comment:
The part of wheat that contains the grains (seeds) is called the 'head' or 'ear' of wheat: http://wheatdoctor.org/parts-of-the-wheat-plant.