Beer Ontology

Abstract

The scope of this ontology is to help provide beer and beer ingredient traceability, process control and style identification in a language neutral way.

1. Introduction

Since the dawn of man, beer has had a huge impact on human development. Despite our long history with beer, there are still many aspects of beer that are unknown to us and it is still more of an art form than a science.

Beer is made through fermenting malts, hops, and even fruits for additional flavors. Due to differences of terrior in hops, various styles and ingredients, a craft brewer may not know exactly what a batch will taste like until the end of the process.

This ontology was created for beer traceability but also to lay the groundwork for providing standardization for beers and beer styles. This will allow brewers to have a better idea of what to expect when they brew a new batch of beer, with the hope that this ontology will help boost creativity for new beer recipes. It will also allow better relationships to form between the brewers and growers since the brewers will know exactly what they are purchasing.

Along with the other ontologies, https://rdf.ag/, brewers, malters and growers are able to not only provide traceability for their products but also be able to easily facilitate the sale of their products on the market.

2. Brief History of Beer

Alcohol has been intertwined in human history for thousands of years, in fact, it is the reason for our primate ancestors descending from the trees. Fruit that had fallen from the trees and started to ferment were a prime source nourishment since they were easier to digest. Those who could smell the alcohol got more calories, and it is suggested that our ancestors even started cultivating grains not for bread but for beer (Curry, 2017).

According to National Geographic, the first known evidence of alcoholic beverages occurred around 7000 B.C. in Jiahu, China (Curry, 2017). From then on, with the domestication of more grains, fruits and vegetables, fermented beverages blossomed into the various styles of beer, wines and spirits.

Today, beer is the second most consumed alcoholic beverage (34.3%) behind spirits (44.8%) (WHO, 2018), with China as the lead producer of beer with the United States as the second largest producer.

With humankind's deep history with beer, it has become so ingrained in our culture and is seen as a symbol of community. However, due to humanity's long relationship with beer, the different styles have evolved and blended over thousands of years, which makes this ontology essential for beer traceability.

3. Scope of this Ontology

The Beer Ontology is used to help with traceability, marketing and inventory for breweries. Also by classifying the different styles of beer, consumers will be able to make more informed decisions on choosing beers.

This ontology includes the classification of various beer styles, legislation on Designation of Origin, brewing processes, brewing containers, and beer packaging containers. All of this data is vital for brewers to more easily manage their inventory and to provide more targeted advertising and more information for consumers, which aids in the selling of their products.

4. Organization

The beer ontology has three major structural constructs: Beer Styles, Beer Organizations and Packaging.

4.1 Beer Styles

In this ontology, beer styles are based on the ingredients and brewing processes. This definition of a beer style serves to avoid confusion between generally accepted beer styles and 'marketing' terms. These styles are sub-classed since they are specializations of certain types of beer.

4.1.1 Brown Ale

Brown ales are mostly a descriptor term rather than a style, some styles do have the word 'brown' in it but not all those styles are characterized as being brown colored. The coloring of beer comes from the color and/or the quantity of the malts.

4.1.2 English vs British Style

While 'British' and 'English' account for different locations, in terms of beer they mean the same thing. 'English Style' is used as foaf:name since it is more common.

4.1.3 Lagers vs Ales

Lagers are often said to differ from beers because they have "bottom fermenting yeasts" while ales have "top fermenting" yeasts. This is more of a description of the yeast's flocculation rather than where it ferments. "Top" fermenting yeasts are yeasts whose flocculation process produces flocs that rise to surface, also called 'creaming'. "Bottom" fermenting yeasts are yeasts whose flocculation process produces flocs that settle to the bottom, also called 'sedimentation' (Kulkarni, 2016, Stewart, 2018).

4.1.4 Non-Beers

As they are not beverages derived from the fermentation of malts, ciders and meads are not beers. However, their consumption is closely aligned with beer and are listed in this ontology for the sake of convenience.

4.2 Beer Making Organizations

4.3 Packaging

The beer ontology attempts to strike a balance between a fully descriptive encoding of beer product packaging and an ease of use that operationally feasible. Multiple measurements with imperial and metric units are available for the same packaging dimensions with the expectation that end users will query their way to the needed measurement. Units are identified using UN/ECE Recommendation No. 21 and the quot ontology. The actual assignment of the measurement to the dimension is achieved using GS1 and schema.org vocabularies for trade quantities and SOSA/SSN ontologies for nominal packaging measurements in a combined representation whenever possible. Often types, classes and subclasses are explicitly stated even through inference is possible so that the ontology can be used as is without reasoner support.

Different communities have different approaches to measuring packaging due to their context: while GS1 and schema.org measure quantity with respect to the product traded, packaging vendors will record packaging dimension with respect to an engineering or capacity measurement. This explains why the ubiquitous "202/211" soft drink and beer list a 'net content' of 12oz / 355ml, which is essentially 'nominal content', with an 'overflow capacity' of somewhere around 380ml. Packaging for liquids can be filled by weight which makes for large variety of measurements.

Currently, Kegs and commonly used 355ml "soda" and the 473ml "tall-boy" cans have been implemented in this version. Container material and sealing mechanism (such as the common "wide mouth") are not currently reported nor is the lining of the can. Given the potential uses for recycling and detecting unwanted packaging-content interactions, this will be investigated in a later version.

"Compound" packaging is common in the beer industry, with "six packs", flats of 24 beer cans ("two fours") and cases of 6, 12 and 24 beer bottles. These packages will be supported in a later version.

4.4 Beer vs. Beer products

The Beer ontology makes a distinction between Beer and Beverage Products where one term represents the actual substances and the second represents the beer in its commercial packaging before consumption. The beer product also inherits branding, pricing and inventory constructs from other ontologies as it is the commercial trade unit.

5. Marketing Beer Examples Using Ontologies

The beer ontology concerns itself primarily with Beer and it's brewing, without overextending itself into other domains. At its core, it can mark up the existence of a Beer, its style, brewer, packaging, and ingredients with limited support for documenting the brewing process itself. Presented here are a series of examples for demonstration purposes, occasionally augmented with other ontologies as necessary.

The beer ontology is a fully compliant OWL/RDFS ontology that references the well-known gs1 and schema.org vocabularies and provides the relevant equivalencies to align similar properties and classes. For some applications, such as Search Engine Optimization, it may be necessary to declare redundant elements (such as typing a Brewery as a schema:Organization) for interoperability reasons. Applications that make use of reasoners to query information do no need to expand this information.

5.1 ACME Brewery Examples

Example 1 shows how to use the beer ontology to represent the information of the fictitious ACME brewery.

As beer:Brewery is a class that extends schema:Organization, foaf:Organization and gs1:Organization. This allows the use of a wide ecosystem of vocabularies and the street address of the fictitious brewery is recorded with it. While many authors prefer to use blank nodes for brevity, we name nodes here so that example fragments can be related to one another while being short.

Example 1 - ACME Brewery, our local brewery example

XML/RDF JSON-LD TTL N-TRIPLES

RDF/XML Style

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
   xmlns:schema1="http://schema.org/"
>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Brewery"/>
    <foaf:name>Acme Brewery</foaf:name>
    <rdfs:label>Acme Brewery</rdfs:label>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="en">Acme brewery uses the very best ingredients to brew the greatest beer of all time.</schema1:description>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="fr">La brasserie Acme utilise les meilleurs ingrédients pour brasser la meilleure bière de tous les temps.</schema1:description>
    <schema1:address rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://schema.org/PostalAddress"/>
    <schema1:addressCountry>Canada</schema1:addressCountry>
    <schema1:addressRegion>Ontario</schema1:addressRegion>
    <schema1:addressLocality>Peterborough</schema1:addressLocality>
    <schema1:postalCode>K9J 6X1</schema1:postalCode>
    <schema1:streetAddress>15 Main Street</schema1:streetAddress>
  </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

JSON-LD

[
   {
      "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Brewery"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/address": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress"
         }
      ],
      "http://schema.org/description": [
         {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "Acme brewery uses the very best ingredients to brew the greatest beer of all time."
         },
         {
            "@language": "fr",
            "@value": "La brasserie Acme utilise les meilleurs ingrédients pour brasser la meilleure bière de tous les temps."
         }
      ],
      "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
         {
            "@value": "Acme Brewery"
         }
      ],
      "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
         {
            "@value": "Acme Brewery"
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress",
      "@type": [
         "http://schema.org/PostalAddress"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/addressCountry": [
         {
            "@value": "Canada"
         }
      ],
      "http://schema.org/addressLocality": [
         {
            "@value": "Peterborough"
         }
      ],
      "http://schema.org/addressRegion": [
         {
            "@value": "Ontario"
         }
      ],
      "http://schema.org/postalCode": [
         {
            "@value": "K9J 6X1"
         }
      ],
      "http://schema.org/streetAddress": [
         {
            "@value": "15 Main Street"
         }
      ]
   }
]

Turtle

@prefix : <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#> .
@prefix beer: <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix schema1: <http://schema.org/> .

:acmeBrewery a beer:Brewery ;
    rdfs:label "Acme Brewery" ;
    schema1:address :acmePostalAddress ;
    schema1:description "Acme brewery uses the very best ingredients to brew the greatest beer of all time."@en,
        "La brasserie Acme utilise les meilleurs ingrédients pour brasser la meilleure bière de tous les temps."@fr ;
    foaf:name "Acme Brewery" .

:acmePostalAddress a schema1:PostalAddress ;
    schema1:addressCountry "Canada" ;
    schema1:addressLocality "Peterborough" ;
    schema1:addressRegion "Ontario" ;
    schema1:postalCode "K9J 6X1" ;
    schema1:streetAddress "15 Main Street" .

Turtle

<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://schema.org/description> "La brasserie Acme utilise les meilleurs ingrédients pour brasser la meilleure bière de tous les temps."@fr .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://schema.org/addressCountry> "Canada" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/PostalAddress> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://schema.org/addressRegion> "Ontario" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://schema.org/address> <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Brewery> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Acme Brewery" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://schema.org/postalCode> "K9J 6X1" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://schema.org/streetAddress> "15 Main Street" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://schema.org/description> "Acme brewery uses the very best ingredients to brew the greatest beer of all time."@en .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://schema.org/addressLocality> "Peterborough" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Acme Brewery" .

Our fictitious brewery brews two different beers: ACME Ale and ACME Best Stout. Within the beer ontology, a beer:Beer is a beverage that is an instance of a beer style with a brand, name or a common manufacturer without references to quantity or packaging.

The Beer can be related to its parent brewery through several vocabularies such as schema:manufacturer, gs1:brand or gs1:manufacturer or even dcterms:creator. For users that simply want to record a relationship while not committing to a concrete relationship can use the beer ontology property brewedBy which is easily understandable and can align with most ontological cases.

Example 2 - ACME Brewery Beers

XML/RDF JSON-LD TTL N-TRIPLES

RDF/XML Style

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:beer="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#"
   xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer"/>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale"/>
    <rdfs:label>ACME Ale</rdfs:label>
    <dcterms:description xml:lang="en">A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste.</dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:description xml:lang="fr">Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. </dcterms:description>
    <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer"/>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout"/>
    <rdfs:label>ACME Best Stout</rdfs:label>
    <dcterms:description xml:lang="en">The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears.</dcterms:description>
    <dcterms:description xml:lang="fr">The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu.</dcterms:description>
    <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"/>
  </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

JSON-LD

[
   {
      "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer",
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale"
      ],
      "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [
         {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste."
         },
         {
            "@language": "fr",
            "@value": "Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. "
         }
      ],
      "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
         {
            "@value": "ACME Ale"
         }
      ],
      "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer",
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout"
      ],
      "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [
         {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears."
         },
         {
            "@language": "fr",
            "@value": "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu."
         }
      ],
      "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
         {
            "@value": "ACME Best Stout"
         }
      ],
      "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"
         }
      ]
   }
]

Turtle

@prefix : <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#> .
@prefix beer: <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .

:acmeAle a beer:Ale,
        beer:Beer ;
    rdfs:label "ACME Ale" ;
    dcterms:description "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste."@en,
        "Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. "@fr ;
    beer:brewedBy :acmeBrewery .

:acmeBestStout a beer:Beer,
        beer:Stout ;
    rdfs:label "ACME Best Stout" ;
    dcterms:description "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears."@en,
        "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu."@fr ;
    beer:brewedBy :acmeBrewery .

Turtle

<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/description> "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste."@en .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/description> "Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. "@fr .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "ACME Ale" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/description> "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears."@en .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "ACME Best Stout" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/description> "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu."@fr .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout> .

Thus, should our two beers be exclusively available in 473ml aluminum cans, we can define packaging properties by referencing the #can473 and write:

Example 3 - ACME Brewery Beers

XML/RDF JSON-LD TTL N-TRIPLES

RDF/XML Style

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:beer="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#"
   xmlns:gs1="https://gs1.org/voc/"
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
   xmlns:schema1="http://schema.org/"
>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageProduct"/>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale"/>
    <rdfs:label>ACME Ale, 473ml Can</rdfs:label>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="en">A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste.</schema1:description>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="fr">Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. </schema1:description>
    <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"/>
    <gs1:packaging rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageProduct"/>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout"/>
    <rdfs:label>ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can</rdfs:label>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="en">The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears.</schema1:description>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="fr">The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu.</schema1:description>
    <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"/>
    <gs1:packaging rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer"/>
    <schema1:hasVariant rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer"/>
    <schema1:hasVariant rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can"/>
  </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

JSON-LD

[
   {
      "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/hasVariant": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can"
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageProduct",
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/description": [
         {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears."
         },
         {
            "@language": "fr",
            "@value": "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu."
         }
      ],
      "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
         {
            "@value": "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can"
         }
      ],
      "https://gs1.org/voc/packaging": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can"
         }
      ],
      "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/hasVariant": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can"
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageProduct",
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/description": [
         {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste."
         },
         {
            "@language": "fr",
            "@value": "Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. "
         }
      ],
      "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
         {
            "@value": "ACME Ale, 473ml Can"
         }
      ],
      "https://gs1.org/voc/packaging": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can"
         }
      ],
      "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"
         }
      ]
   }
]

Turtle

@prefix : <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#> .
@prefix beer: <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#> .
@prefix gs1: <https://gs1.org/voc/> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix schema1: <http://schema.org/> .

:acmeAle a beer:Beer ;
    schema1:hasVariant :acmeAle473can .

:acmeBestStout a beer:Beer ;
    schema1:hasVariant :acmeBestStout473can .

:acmeAle473can a beer:Ale,
        beer:BeverageProduct ;
    rdfs:label "ACME Ale, 473ml Can" ;
    schema1:description "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste."@en,
        "Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. "@fr ;
    gs1:packaging :473can ;
    beer:brewedBy :acmeBrewery .

:acmeBestStout473can a beer:BeverageProduct,
        beer:Stout ;
    rdfs:label "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can" ;
    schema1:description "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears."@en,
        "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu."@fr ;
    gs1:packaging :473can ;
    beer:brewedBy :acmeBrewery .

Turtle

<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <http://schema.org/description> "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste."@en .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <http://schema.org/description> "Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. "@fr .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageProduct> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "ACME Ale, 473ml Can" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <https://gs1.org/voc/packaging> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://schema.org/description> "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears."@en .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://schema.org/hasVariant> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://schema.org/description> "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu."@fr .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://schema.org/hasVariant> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageProduct> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <https://gs1.org/voc/packaging> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can> .

Each new packaging or container requires a new instance of a Beer:BeverageProduct.

5.1 ACME Brewery with schema.org Offers

Example 2 In this example, we create a schema.org offer that will advertise that the beer is available for sale commercially. ACME brewery has an onsite sales counter that will sell individual 473ml aluminum cans of stout.

Example 4 - ACME Brewery with Offers

XML/RDF JSON-LD TTL N-TRIPLES

RDF/XML Style

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
   xmlns:schema1="http://schema.org/"
>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://schema.org/Offer"/>
    <schema1:description>ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can, 3.50$</schema1:description>
    <schema1:availability rdf:resource="https://schema.org/InStock"/>
    <schema1:price>3.50</schema1:price>
    <schema1:priceCurrency>CAD</schema1:priceCurrency>
    <schema1:offeredBy rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageProduct"/>
    <rdfs:label>ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can</rdfs:label>
    <schema1:offers rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer"/>
  </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

JSON-LD

[
   {
      "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageProduct"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/offers": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer"
         }
      ],
      "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
         {
            "@value": "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can"
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer",
      "@type": [
         "http://schema.org/Offer"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/availability": [
         {
            "@id": "https://schema.org/InStock"
         }
      ],
      "http://schema.org/description": [
         {
            "@value": "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can, 3.50$"
         }
      ],
      "http://schema.org/offeredBy": [
         {
            "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"
         }
      ],
      "http://schema.org/price": [
         {
            "@value": "3.50"
         }
      ],
      "http://schema.org/priceCurrency": [
         {
            "@value": "CAD"
         }
      ]
   }
]

Turtle

@prefix : <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#> .
@prefix beer: <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix schema: <https://schema.org/> .
@prefix schema1: <http://schema.org/> .

:acmeBestStout473can a beer:BeverageProduct ;
    rdfs:label "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can" ;
    schema1:offers <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> .

<https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> a schema1:Offer ;
    schema1:availability schema:InStock ;
    schema1:description "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can, 3.50$" ;
    schema1:offeredBy :acmeBrewery ;
    schema1:price "3.50" ;
    schema1:priceCurrency "CAD" .

Turtle

<https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://schema.org/priceCurrency> "CAD" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://schema.org/offers> <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://schema.org/availability> <https://schema.org/InStock> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://schema.org/description> "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can, 3.50$" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/Offer> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://schema.org/offeredBy> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery> .
<https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://schema.org/price> "3.50" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can" .
<https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageProduct> .

The addition of a schema:Offer for the can, at a price and in a specified currency is made and the organization making the offer (the brewery) is listed along with its street location.

5.2 German Purity Law Beer

Example 3 The German Beer Purity Law of 1516 had strict limits on the ingredients permitted in beer: water, barley, hops and (later) yeast. The ontology can be used to record data about historical beers and commercial breweries making claims based on this style.

Example 5 - German Purity Law Beers

XML/RDF JSON-LD TTL N-TRIPLES

RDF/XML Style

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:beer="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#"
   xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
   xmlns:schema1="http://schema.org/"
>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer"/>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Pilsner"/>
    <foaf:name>Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner</foaf:name>
    <rdfs:label>Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner</rdfs:label>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="de">Feincremiger Schaum, schön moussierend von lebendig angenehmer Frische gibt unserem Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner seine feine Eleganz in Geschmack und Aussehen.</schema1:description>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="fr">Une mousse fine et crémeuse, magnifiquement pétillante avec une fraîcheur vive et agréable donne à notre Krostitzer Pilsner original sa belle élégance en goût et en apparence.</schema1:description>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="en">Fine creamy foam, beautifully sparkling with lively, pleasant freshness gives our original Krostitzer Pilsner its fine elegance in taste and appearance.</schema1:description>
    <beer:abvValue>4.9</beer:abvValue>
    <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://www.ur-krostitzer.de/"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer"/>
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale"/>
    <foaf:name>Lagerbier Hell</foaf:name>
    <rdfs:label>Lagerbier Hell</rdfs:label>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="en">A particularly mild, sparkling, long stored beer, refreshing and easily digestible at the same time. Uniquely in its taste, a benefit for each beer connoisseur.</schema1:description>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="de">Ein besonders mildes, spritziges, lang gelagertes und vor allem erfrischendes Bier. Einmalig in seinem Geschmack, ein Genuss für jeden Bierkenner.</schema1:description>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="fr">Une bière particulièrement douce, acidulée, de longue garde et surtout rafraîchissante. Unique dans son goût, un plaisir pour tous les connaisseurs de bière.</schema1:description>
    <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://www.augustiner-braeu.de/"/>
    <beer:abvValue>5.2</beer:abvValue>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer"/>
    <foaf:name>Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050</foaf:name>
    <rdfs:label>Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050</rdfs:label>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="de">Das goldene Märzen: Vollmundig, kräftig, malzig! Feine Karamellnoten und angenehm-milde Hopfenbittere! Ein wahres Genusserlebnis!</schema1:description>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="en">The golden Märzen: full-bodied, strong, malty! Fine caramel notes and pleasantly mild hop bitterness! A real pleasure experience!</schema1:description>
    <schema1:description xml:lang="fr">Le Märzen doré: corsé, fort, malté! De fines notes de caramel et un gout amer de houblon agréablement doux! Une véritable expérience de plaisir!</schema1:description>
    <beer:abvValue>5.0</beer:abvValue>
    <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://www.weltenburger.de/"/>
  </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

JSON-LD

[
   {
      "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer",
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Pilsner"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/description": [
         {
            "@language": "de",
            "@value": "Feincremiger Schaum, schön moussierend von lebendig angenehmer Frische gibt unserem Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner seine feine Eleganz in Geschmack und Aussehen."
         },
         {
            "@language": "fr",
            "@value": "Une mousse fine et crémeuse, magnifiquement pétillante avec une fraîcheur vive et agréable donne à notre Krostitzer Pilsner original sa belle élégance en goût et en apparence."
         },
         {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "Fine creamy foam, beautifully sparkling with lively, pleasant freshness gives our original Krostitzer Pilsner its fine elegance in taste and appearance."
         }
      ],
      "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
         {
            "@value": "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner"
         }
      ],
      "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
         {
            "@value": "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner"
         }
      ],
      "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue": [
         {
            "@value": "4.9"
         }
      ],
      "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [
         {
            "@id": "https://www.ur-krostitzer.de/"
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer",
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/description": [
         {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "A particularly mild, sparkling, long stored beer, refreshing and easily digestible at the same time. Uniquely in its taste, a benefit for each beer connoisseur."
         },
         {
            "@language": "de",
            "@value": "Ein besonders mildes, spritziges, lang gelagertes und vor allem erfrischendes Bier. Einmalig in seinem Geschmack, ein Genuss für jeden Bierkenner."
         },
         {
            "@language": "fr",
            "@value": "Une bière particulièrement douce, acidulée, de longue garde et surtout rafraîchissante. Unique dans son goût, un plaisir pour tous les connaisseurs de bière."
         }
      ],
      "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
         {
            "@value": "Lagerbier Hell"
         }
      ],
      "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
         {
            "@value": "Lagerbier Hell"
         }
      ],
      "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue": [
         {
            "@value": "5.2"
         }
      ],
      "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [
         {
            "@id": "https://www.augustiner-braeu.de/"
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050",
      "@type": [
         "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/description": [
         {
            "@language": "de",
            "@value": "Das goldene Märzen: Vollmundig, kräftig, malzig! Feine Karamellnoten und angenehm-milde Hopfenbittere! Ein wahres Genusserlebnis!"
         },
         {
            "@language": "en",
            "@value": "The golden Märzen: full-bodied, strong, malty! Fine caramel notes and pleasantly mild hop bitterness! A real pleasure experience!"
         },
         {
            "@language": "fr",
            "@value": "Le Märzen doré: corsé, fort, malté! De fines notes de caramel et un gout amer de houblon agréablement doux! Une véritable expérience de plaisir!"
         }
      ],
      "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [
         {
            "@value": "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050"
         }
      ],
      "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
         {
            "@value": "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050"
         }
      ],
      "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue": [
         {
            "@value": "5.0"
         }
      ],
      "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [
         {
            "@id": "https://www.weltenburger.de/"
         }
      ]
   }
]

Turtle

@prefix : <https://example.com/ex1#> .
@prefix beer: <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix schema1: <http://schema.org/> .

:LagerbierHell a beer:Ale,
        beer:GermanPurityLawBeer ;
    rdfs:label "Lagerbier Hell" ;
    schema1:description "Ein besonders mildes, spritziges, lang gelagertes und vor allem erfrischendes Bier. Einmalig in seinem Geschmack, ein Genuss für jeden Bierkenner."@de,
        "A particularly mild, sparkling, long stored beer, refreshing and easily digestible at the same time. Uniquely in its taste, a benefit for each beer connoisseur."@en,
        "Une bière particulièrement douce, acidulée, de longue garde et surtout rafraîchissante. Unique dans son goût, un plaisir pour tous les connaisseurs de bière."@fr ;
    foaf:name "Lagerbier Hell" ;
    beer:abvValue "5.2" ;
    beer:brewedBy <https://www.augustiner-braeu.de/> .

:UrKrostitzerPilsner a beer:GermanPurityLawBeer,
        beer:Pilsner ;
    rdfs:label "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner" ;
    schema1:description "Feincremiger Schaum, schön moussierend von lebendig angenehmer Frische gibt unserem Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner seine feine Eleganz in Geschmack und Aussehen."@de,
        "Fine creamy foam, beautifully sparkling with lively, pleasant freshness gives our original Krostitzer Pilsner its fine elegance in taste and appearance."@en,
        "Une mousse fine et crémeuse, magnifiquement pétillante avec une fraîcheur vive et agréable donne à notre Krostitzer Pilsner original sa belle élégance en goût et en apparence."@fr ;
    foaf:name "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner" ;
    beer:abvValue "4.9" ;
    beer:brewedBy <https://www.ur-krostitzer.de/> .

:WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050 a beer:GermanPurityLawBeer ;
    rdfs:label "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050" ;
    schema1:description "Das goldene Märzen: Vollmundig, kräftig, malzig! Feine Karamellnoten und angenehm-milde Hopfenbittere! Ein wahres Genusserlebnis!"@de,
        "The golden Märzen: full-bodied, strong, malty! Fine caramel notes and pleasantly mild hop bitterness! A real pleasure experience!"@en,
        "Le Märzen doré: corsé, fort, malté! De fines notes de caramel et un gout amer de houblon agréablement doux! Une véritable expérience de plaisir!"@fr ;
    foaf:name "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050" ;
    beer:abvValue "5.0" ;
    beer:brewedBy <https://www.weltenburger.de/> .

Turtle

<https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://schema.org/description> "Fine creamy foam, beautifully sparkling with lively, pleasant freshness gives our original Krostitzer Pilsner its fine elegance in taste and appearance."@en .
<https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue> "4.9" .
<https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://schema.org/description> "Une mousse fine et crémeuse, magnifiquement pétillante avec une fraîcheur vive et agréable donne à notre Krostitzer Pilsner original sa belle élégance en goût et en apparence."@fr .
<https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://schema.org/description> "A particularly mild, sparkling, long stored beer, refreshing and easily digestible at the same time. Uniquely in its taste, a benefit for each beer connoisseur."@en .
<https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050" .
<https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer> .
<https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Pilsner> .
<https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue> "5.0" .
<https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://schema.org/description> "Le Märzen doré: corsé, fort, malté! De fines notes de caramel et un gout amer de houblon agréablement doux! Une véritable expérience de plaisir!"@fr .
<https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Lagerbier Hell" .
<https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner" .
<https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue> "5.2" .
<https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner" .
<https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer> .
<https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://schema.org/description> "The golden Märzen: full-bodied, strong, malty! Fine caramel notes and pleasantly mild hop bitterness! A real pleasure experience!"@en .
<https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale> .
<https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://www.ur-krostitzer.de/> .
<https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Lagerbier Hell" .
<https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://schema.org/description> "Das goldene Märzen: Vollmundig, kräftig, malzig! Feine Karamellnoten und angenehm-milde Hopfenbittere! Ein wahres Genusserlebnis!"@de .
<https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://schema.org/description> "Feincremiger Schaum, schön moussierend von lebendig angenehmer Frische gibt unserem Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner seine feine Eleganz in Geschmack und Aussehen."@de .
<https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://www.weltenburger.de/> .
<https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer> .
<https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://www.augustiner-braeu.de/> .
<https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://schema.org/description> "Ein besonders mildes, spritziges, lang gelagertes und vor allem erfrischendes Bier. Einmalig in seinem Geschmack, ein Genuss für jeden Bierkenner."@de .
<https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://schema.org/description> "Une bière particulièrement douce, acidulée, de longue garde et surtout rafraîchissante. Unique dans son goût, un plaisir pour tous les connaisseurs de bière."@fr .
<https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050" .

Example 6 - Recording historical events with the beer ontology.

XML/RDF JSON-LD TTL N-TRIPLES

RDF/XML Style

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
   xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
   xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#"
   xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
   xmlns:schema1="http://schema.org/"
>
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"/>
    <foaf:name>Karl Graf von Horn</foaf:name>
    <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://d-nb.info/gnd/116992719"/>
  </rdf:Description>
  <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="Nd5f4cfcf62cf4d86a42a9badbfcfd394">
    <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://schema.org/DrinkAction"/>
    <schema1:agent rdf:resource="https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn"/>
    <schema1:object rdf:resource="https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050"/>
  </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>

JSON-LD

[
   {
      "@id": "_:Nd5f4cfcf62cf4d86a42a9badbfcfd394",
      "@type": [
         "http://schema.org/DrinkAction"
      ],
      "http://schema.org/agent": [
         {
            "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn"
         }
      ],
      "http://schema.org/object": [
         {
            "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050"
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn",
      "@type": [
         "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"
      ],
      "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs": [
         {
            "@id": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/116992719"
         }
      ],
      "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [
         {
            "@value": "Karl Graf von Horn"
         }
      ]
   }
]

Turtle

@prefix : <https://example.com/ex1#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix schema1: <http://schema.org/> .

:KarlGrafvonHorn a foaf:Person ;
    owl:sameAs <http://d-nb.info/gnd/116992719> ;
    foaf:name "Karl Graf von Horn" .

[] a schema1:DrinkAction ;
    schema1:agent :KarlGrafvonHorn ;
    schema1:object :WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050 .

Turtle

<https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> .
<https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Karl Graf von Horn" .
_:Nd5f4cfcf62cf4d86a42a9badbfcfd394 <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/DrinkAction> .
<https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs> <http://d-nb.info/gnd/116992719> .
_:Nd5f4cfcf62cf4d86a42a9badbfcfd394 <http://schema.org/agent> <https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn> .
_:Nd5f4cfcf62cf4d86a42a9badbfcfd394 <http://schema.org/object> <https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> .

The ontology is flexible enough to record historical event, such as Karl Graf von Horn drinking locally available beer. It's application to recording alcohol consumption for dietary analysis is also possible.

6. Linkages to Other Datasets

The Beer ontology links to FOODON equivalent classes and makes use of the GS1, schema.org, sosa/ssn ontologies to represent measurements and prov ontology for provenance and documentation.

7. Global Cross-Reference

8. Detailed References for All Terms, Classes and Properties

Dictionaries

Classes

Properties

Instances

9. Version History

10. General Notes

10.1 Storeability

Storability was kept as a data type property since it is a property that is generally associated with the hop variety, however HSI would be an observable property since that is what gets tested for every lot.

10.2 Translations

As a policy, if there is no translation for a label then it is not added and it is kept in the original language. If the translation is the same word, then both labels will still be kept.

In French, the term 'bière blonde' is used interchangeably to mean either a pale ale or a lager depending on the region, which can be extremely confusing. To simplify matters the french label for 'pale ale' will be 'ale pâle' and 'lager' for lager unless further specified by a region. For example, pale ales in Quebec are called 'bière blonde', therefore the tag is used to signify Canadian French.

10.3 Data Verbosity, Interoperability and Reasoners

The promise of Resource Description Framework is in two parts: a distributed knowledge graph with url-style identifiers and support for making statements about them. The syntax of the RDF data model has been widely adopted for several applications using different serializations (rdf/xml, json-ld, turtle, etc...), including bibliography, search engine optimization and API integrations. Occasionally, providers will even offer the same data in several serializations using transparent content negotiation to let client libraries choose the optimal serialization.

The promise of RDF with strong knowledge management through standards such as RDF/S, OWL and later SHACL remains to be fully realized as many data providers see RDF as a schema mechanism rather than a knowledge management or ontological one.

The W3 ontologies for time, prov and SOSA/SSN are used as the basis for most terms, the Bibo ontologies for citations / references and the OGC GeoSparql standard is used for spatial data. Other ontologies are referenced on an as-needed basis depending on the domain. Commercially and trade oriented data is recorded using both the schema.org and GS1 vocabularies. Whenever possible, physical measurements are reported in both imperial and metric units using the qudt and/or the obo ontologies.

This ontology is designed to be used as both a fully fledged ontology (in RDF/S and OWL) with complex reasoning capability and a schema-driven dataset for simple querying. As such, it contains a significant amount of redundant information and materialized reflective properties that are designed to maintain compatibility and usefulness in multiple environments. Developers that are used to reading raw RDF statements to locate the relevant information may find it easier to build a query directly from the documentation rather than reading the machine code.

Lastly, while few environments can support OWL at its full capacity, this ontology is useful in the development of applications requiring multilingual labeling, term translation and long term entity identifiers for form generation and reporting.

11. Release Notes

The RDF terms for the bibliography are marked unstable as the bibliography generator is buggy and requires further work.

[1]	Brewers Association. Craft beer industry market segments, 2020. [ http ]
[2]	Matthew Brynildson. The oxford companion to beer definition of alpha acids, 2020. [ http ]
[3]	Dave Carpenter. What is the difference between ale and lager? May 2017. [ http ]
[4]	Craftbeer.com. Ipa, 2020. [ http ]
[5]	Craftbeer.com. Ipa, 2020. [ http ]
[6]	Andrew Curry. Our 9,000-year love affair with booze. National Geographic, February 2017. [ http ]
[7]	Terry Foster. Pale ale. Boulder, CO: Brewers Publications, 2nd edition, 1999.
[8]	Terry Foster. The oxford companion to beer definition of pale ale, 2020. [ http ]
[9]	Michael Jackson. Michael Jackson's beer companion. Philadelphia: Running Press, 1993.
[10]	Vitthal S. Kulkarni and Charles Shaw. Chapter 7 - preparation and stability testing. In Vitthal S. Kulkarni and Charles Shaw, editors, Essential Chemistry for Formulators of Semisolid and Liquid Dosages, pages 99 – 135. Academic Press, Boston, 2016. [ DOI \| http ]
[11]	Graham G. Stewart. Yeast flocculation—sedimentation and flotation. Fermentation, 4(2), 2018. [ DOI \| http ]
[12]	UK Government Legislation. The food labelling regulations 1996. 1996. [ http ]
[13]	World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. 2018. [ .pdf ]
[14]	Garrett Oliver. The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press, 2012.
[15]	BeerHQ. Brewhq - beer style profile: Märzenbier (oktoberfest), 2021. [ http ]
[16]	Master Brewers Association of the Americas. The Practical Brewer. Master Brewers Association of the Americas, 3rd edition, 1999.
[17]	Ray Daniels. Designing Great Beers. Brewers Publications, 2000.
[18]	Government of Canada. Product specific information for beer. 2020. [ http ]
[19]	North American Process Technology Alliance. The National Standard for Process Technology Equipment. NAPTA Series for Process Technology. Pearson, 2 edition, 2019. [ .pdf ]
[20]	John Carson and David Craig. Silo design codes: Their limits and inconsistencies. Procedia Engineering, 102:647–656, 2015. New Paradigm of Particle Science and Technology Proceedings of The 7th World Congress on Particle Technology. [ DOI \| http ]
[21]	Conrad Seidl. The oxford companion to beer definition of german pilsner, 2021. [ http ]
[22]	Beer Judge Certification Program. Beer judge certification program 2015 style guidelines, 2015. [ .pdf ]
[23]	Campaign for Real Ale. Camra's beer styles: A guide to the champion beer of britain beer style categories, 2021. [ http ]
[24]	Brewer's Association. Brewers association 2021 beer style guidelines, 2021. [ .pdf ]
[25]	American Homebrewers Association. Aha beer style guidelines, 2021. [ http ]
[26]	USDA. Cpg sec 510.400 dealcoholized wine and malt beverages - labeling. 2005. [ http ]
[27]	Alva C. Mather. Non-alcoholic beer regulation 101. 2020. [ http ]

The Beer Ontology Specification 1.3

The Beer Ontology is an ontology created to represent data about beer.

Working Draft — 21 February 2024 (Version Française)

Abstract

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Brief History of Beer

3. Scope of this Ontology

4. Organization

4.1 Beer Styles

4.1.1 Brown Ale

4.1.2 English vs British Style

4.1.3 Lagers vs Ales

4.1.4 Non-Beers

4.2 Beer Making Organizations

4.3 Packaging

4.4 Beer vs. Beer products

5. Marketing Beer Examples Using Ontologies

5.1 ACME Brewery Examples

RDF/XML Style

JSON-LD

Turtle

Turtle

RDF/XML Style

JSON-LD

Turtle

Turtle

RDF/XML Style

JSON-LD

Turtle

Turtle

5.1 ACME Brewery with schema.org Offers

RDF/XML Style

JSON-LD

Turtle

Turtle

5.2 German Purity Law Beer

RDF/XML Style

JSON-LD

Turtle

Turtle

RDF/XML Style

JSON-LD

Turtle

Turtle

6. Linkages to Other Datasets

7. Global Cross-Reference

8. Detailed References for All Terms, Classes and Properties

Dictionaries

Dictionary: beer:BagNBox

Dictionary: beer:BeverageBottle

Dictionary: beer:BeverageCan

Dictionary: beer:Keg

Dictionary: beer:LiquidContainer

Classes

Class: beer:AlcoholFreeDrink

Class: beer:AlcoholicDrink

Class: beer:Ale

Class: beer:Altbier

Class: beer:AlternativeFermentablesBeer

Class: beer:AmberBeer

Class: beer:AmberBitterEuropeanBeer

Class: beer:AmberMaltyEuropeanLager

Class: beer:AmberandBrownAmericanBeer

Class: beer:AmericanBeer

Class: beer:AmericanLager

Class: beer:AmericanPaleAle

Class: beer:AmericanPorterandStout

Class: beer:AmericanWildAle

Class: beer:BDG

Class: beer:BagNBox

Class: beer:BalckBeer

Class: beer:BarleyWine

Class: beer:Batch

Class: beer:Beer

Class: beer:BelgianAle

Class: beer:BelgianBeer

Class: beer:Beverage

Class: beer:BeverageBottle

Class: beer:BeverageCan