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The scope of this ontology is to help provide beer and beer ingredient traceability, process control and style identification in a language neutral way.
Since the dawn of man, beer has had a huge impact on human development. Despite our long history with beer, there are still many aspects of beer that are unknown to us and it is still more of an art form than a science.
Beer is made through fermenting malts, hops, and even fruits for additional flavors. Due to differences of terrior in hops, various styles and ingredients, a craft brewer may not know exactly what a batch will taste like until the end of the process.
This ontology was created for beer traceability but also to lay the groundwork for providing standardization for beers and beer styles. This will allow brewers to have a better idea of what to expect when they brew a new batch of beer, with the hope that this ontology will help boost creativity for new beer recipes. It will also allow better relationships to form between the brewers and growers since the brewers will know exactly what they are purchasing.
Along with the other Myra Analytics ontologies, https://rdf.ag/, brewers, malters and growers are able to not only provide traceability for their products but also be able to easily facilitate the sale of their products on the market.
Alcohol has been intertwined in human history for thousands of years, in fact, it is the reason for our primate ancestors descending from the trees. Fruit that had fallen from the trees and started to ferment were a prime source nourishment since they were easier to digest. Those who could smell the alcohol got more calories, and it is suggested that our ancestors even started cultivating grains not for bread but for beer (Curry, 2017).
According to National Geographic, the first known evidence of alcoholic beverages occurred around 7000 B.C. in Jiahu, China (Curry, 2017). From then on, with the domestication of more grains, fruits and vegetables, fermented beverages blossomed into the various styles of beer, wines and spirits.
Today, beer is the second most consumed alcoholic beverage (34.3%) behind spirits (44.8%) (WHO, 2018), with China as the lead producer of beer with the United States as the second largest producer.
With humankind's deep history with beer, it has become so ingrained in our culture and is seen as a symbol of community. However, due to humanity's long relationship with beer, the different styles have evolved and blended over thousands of years, which makes this ontology essential for beer traceability.
The beer ontology has three major structural constructs: Beer Styles, Beer Organizations and Packaging.
In this ontology, beer styles are based on the ingredients and brewing processes. This definition of a beer style serves to avoid confusion between generally accepted beer styles and 'marketing' terms. These styles are sub-classed since they are specializations of certain types of beer.
Brown ales are mostly a descriptor term rather than a style, some styles do have the word 'brown' in it but not all of those styles are characterized as being brown colored. The coloring of beer comes from the color and/or the quantity of the malts.
While 'British' and 'English' account for different locations, in terms of beer they mean the same thing. 'English Style' is used as foaf:name since it is more common.
Lagers are often said to differ from beers because they have "bottom fermenting yeasts" while ales have "top fermenting" yeasts. This is more of a description of the yeast's flocculation rather than where it ferments. "Top" fermenting yeasts are yeasts whose flocculation process produces flocs that rise to surface, also called 'creaming'. "Bottom" fermenting yeasts are yeasts whose flocculation process produces flocs that settle to the bottom, also called 'sedimentation' (Kulkarni, 2016, Stewart, 2018).
As they are not beverages derived from the fermentation of malts, ciders and meads are not beers. However, their consumption is closely aligned with beer and are listed in this ontology for the sake of convenience.
A Brewery is an organization or physical location where beer is brewed.
The beer ontology attempts to strike a balance between a fully descriptive encoding of beer product packaging and an easy of use that operationally feasible. Multiple measurements with imperial and metric units are available for the same packaging dimensions with the expectation that end users will query their way to the needed measurement. Units are identified using UN/ECE Recommendation No. 21 and the quot ontology. The actual assignment of the measurement to the dimension is achieved using GS1 and schema.org vocabularies for trade quantities and SOSA/SSN ontologies for nominal packaging measurements in a combined representation whenever possible. Often types, classes and subclasses are explicitly stated even through inference is possible so that the ontology can be used as is without reasoner support.
Different communities have different approaches to measuring packaging due to their context: while GS1 and schema.org measure quantity with respect to the product traded, packaging vendors will record packaging dimension with respect to an engineering or capacity measurement. This explains why the ubiquitous "202/211" soft drink and beer list a 'net content' of 12oz / 355ml, which is essentially 'nominal content', with an 'overflow capacity' of somewhere around 380ml. Packaging for liquids can be filled by weight which makes for large variety of measurements.
Currently, Kegs and commonly used 355ml "soda" and the 473ml "tall-boy" cans have been implemented in this version. Container material and sealing mechanism (such as the common "wide mouth") are not currently reported nor is the lining of the can. Given the potential uses for recycling and detecting unwanted packaging-content interactions, this will be investigated in a later version.
"Compound" packaging is common in the beer industry, with "six packs", flats of 24 beer cans ("two fours") and cases of 6, 12 and 24 beer bottles. These packages will be supported in a later version.
The Beer ontology makes a distinction between Beer and Beer Products where one term represents the actual substances and the second represents the beer in its commercial packaging before consumption. The beer product also inherits branding, pricing and inventory constructs from other ontologies as it is the commercial trade unit.
The beer ontology concerns itself primarily with Beer and it's brewing, without over extending itself into other domains. At its core, it can mark up the existance of a Beer, its style, brewer, packaging and ingredients with limited support for documenting the brewing process itself. Presented here are a series of examples for demonstration purposes, occasionally augmented with other ontologies as necessary.
The beer ontology is a fully compliant OWL/RDFS ontology that references the well known gs1 and schema.org vocabularies and provides the relevant equivalencies to align similar properties and classes. For some applications, such as Search Engine Optimization, it may be necessary to declare redundant elements (such as typing a Brewery as a schema:Organization) for interoperability reasons. Applications that make use of reasoners to query information do no need to expand this information.
Example 1 shows how to use the beer ontology to represent the information of the ficticious ACME brewery. As beer:Brewery is a class that extends schema:Organization, foaf:Organization and gs1:Organization. This allows the use of a wide ecosystem of vocabularies and the street address of the ficticious brewery is recorded with it. While many authors prefer to use blank nodes for brevity, we name nodes here so that example fragments can be related to one another while being short.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" > <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress"> <schema:addressCountry>Canada</schema:addressCountry> <schema:addressLocality>Peterborough</schema:addressLocality> <schema:streetAddress>15 Main Street</schema:streetAddress> <schema:postalCode>K9J 6X1</schema:postalCode> <schema:addressRegion>Ontario</schema:addressRegion> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://schema.org/PostalAddress"/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery"> <foaf:name>Acme Brewery</foaf:name> <schema:address rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress"/> <schema:description xml:lang="fr">La brasserie Acme utilise les meilleurs ingrédients pour brasser la meilleure bière de tous les temps.</schema:description> <rdfs:label>Acme Brewery</rdfs:label> <schema:description xml:lang="en">Acme brewery uses the very best ingredients to brew the greatest beer of all time.</schema:description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Brewery"/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 | [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress", "@type": [ "http://schema.org/PostalAddress" ], "http://schema.org/addressCountry": [ { "@value": "Canada" } ], "http://schema.org/addressLocality": [ { "@value": "Peterborough" } ], "http://schema.org/addressRegion": [ { "@value": "Ontario" } ], "http://schema.org/postalCode": [ { "@value": "K9J 6X1" } ], "http://schema.org/streetAddress": [ { "@value": "15 Main Street" } ] }, { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Brewery" ], "http://schema.org/address": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress" } ], "http://schema.org/description": [ { "@language": "fr", "@value": "La brasserie Acme utilise les meilleurs ingrédients pour brasser la meilleure bière de tous les temps." }, { "@language": "en", "@value": "Acme brewery uses the very best ingredients to brew the greatest beer of all time." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Acme Brewery" } ], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Acme Brewery" } ] } ] |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | @prefix : <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#> . @prefix beer: <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#> . @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . :acmeBrewery a beer:Brewery ; rdfs:label "Acme Brewery" ; schema:address :acmePostalAddress ; schema:description "Acme brewery uses the very best ingredients to brew the greatest beer of all time."@en, "La brasserie Acme utilise les meilleurs ingrédients pour brasser la meilleure bière de tous les temps."@fr ; foaf:name "Acme Brewery" . :acmePostalAddress a schema:PostalAddress ; schema:addressCountry "Canada" ; schema:addressLocality "Peterborough" ; schema:addressRegion "Ontario" ; schema:postalCode "K9J 6X1" ; schema:streetAddress "15 Main Street" . |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://schema.org/addressCountry> "Canada" . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://schema.org/addressLocality> "Peterborough" . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://schema.org/description> "La brasserie Acme utilise les meilleurs ingr\u00E9dients pour brasser la meilleure bi\u00E8re de tous les temps."@fr . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Acme Brewery" . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://schema.org/postalCode> "K9J 6X1" . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://schema.org/description> "Acme brewery uses the very best ingredients to brew the greatest beer of all time."@en . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/PostalAddress> . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://schema.org/streetAddress> "15 Main Street" . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Acme Brewery" . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://schema.org/address> <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmePostalAddress> <http://schema.org/addressRegion> "Ontario" . <https://rdf.ag/o/acme-brewery#acmeBrewery> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Brewery> . |
Our ficticious brewery brews two different beers: ACME Ale and ACME Best Stout. Within the beer ontology, a Beer:Beer is a beverage that is an instance of a beer style with a brand, name or a common manufacturer without referencing to quantity or packaging.
The Beer can be related to its parent brewery through several vocabulary such as schema:manufacturer, gs1:brand or gs1:manufacturer or even dcterms:creator. For users that simply want to record a relationship while not committing to a concrete relationship can use the beer ontology property brewedBy which is easily understandable and can align with most ontological cases.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:beer="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" > <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle"> <dcterms:description xml:lang="en">A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste.</dcterms:description> <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer"/> <rdfs:label>ACME Ale</rdfs:label> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale"/> <dcterms:description xml:lang="fr">Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. </dcterms:description> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout"> <rdfs:label>ACME Best Stout</rdfs:label> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout"/> <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"/> <dcterms:description xml:lang="en">The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears.</dcterms:description> <dcterms:description xml:lang="fr">The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu.</dcterms:description> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 | [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer", "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale" ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@language": "en", "@value": "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste." }, { "@language": "fr", "@value": "Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. " } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "ACME Ale" } ], "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery" } ] }, { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer", "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout" ], "http://purl.org/dc/terms/description": [ { "@language": "en", "@value": "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears." }, { "@language": "fr", "@value": "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "ACME Best Stout" } ], "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery" } ] } ] |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | @prefix : <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#> . @prefix beer: <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#> . @prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . :acmeAle a beer:Ale, beer:Beer ; rdfs:label "ACME Ale" ; dcterms:description "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste."@en, "Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. "@fr ; beer:brewedBy :acmeBrewery . :acmeBestStout a beer:Beer, beer:Stout ; rdfs:label "ACME Best Stout" ; dcterms:description "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears."@en, "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu."@fr ; beer:brewedBy :acmeBrewery . |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/description> "Une boisson cors\u00E9e, plus sucr\u00E9e et fruit\u00E9e en go\u00FBt. "@fr . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/description> "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de premi\u00E8re qualit\u00E9, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat \u00E0 2 rangs approuv\u00E9 par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau r\u00E9colt\u00E9e dans les larmes de Dieu."@fr . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/description> "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste."@en . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "ACME Best Stout" . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "ACME Ale" . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/description> "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears."@en . |
A Beer:BeerProduct is a Beer:Beer that is contained within a container that can be moved or traded. In schema.org parlace, a Beer:Beer is a schema:ProductGroup that has Beer:BeerProduct for schema:hasVariants. This essentially relates the beer as an abstract product to its materialized availability as discrete consumable product by relating the Beer:BeerProduct to its container using a gs1:package property.
Thus, should our two beers be exclusively available in 473ml aluminium cans, we would use the builtin #can473 instance and write:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:beer="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#" xmlns:gs1="https://gs1.org/voc/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" > <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can"> <rdfs:label>ACME Ale, 473ml Can</rdfs:label> <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeerProduct"/> <gs1:packaging rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can"/> <schema:description xml:lang="en">A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste.</schema:description> <schema:description xml:lang="fr">Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. </schema:description> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can"> <rdfs:label>ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can</rdfs:label> <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"/> <gs1:packaging rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can"/> <schema:description xml:lang="fr">The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu.</schema:description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout"/> <schema:description xml:lang="en">The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears.</schema:description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeerProduct"/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer"/> <schema:hasVariant rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can"/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle"> <schema:hasVariant rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer"/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 | [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale", "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeerProduct" ], "http://schema.org/description": [ { "@language": "en", "@value": "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste." }, { "@language": "fr", "@value": "Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. " } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "ACME Ale, 473ml Can" } ], "https://gs1.org/voc/packaging": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can" } ], "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery" } ] }, { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer" ], "http://schema.org/hasVariant": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can" } ] }, { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout", "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeerProduct" ], "http://schema.org/description": [ { "@language": "fr", "@value": "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu." }, { "@language": "en", "@value": "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can" } ], "https://gs1.org/voc/packaging": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can" } ], "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery" } ] }, { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer" ], "http://schema.org/hasVariant": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can" } ] } ] |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 | @prefix : <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#> . @prefix beer: <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#> . @prefix gs1: <https://gs1.org/voc/> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . :acmeAle a beer:Beer ; schema:hasVariant :acmeAle473can . :acmeBestStout a beer:Beer ; schema:hasVariant :acmeBestStout473can . :acmeAle473can a beer:Ale, beer:BeerProduct ; rdfs:label "ACME Ale, 473ml Can" ; schema:description "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste."@en, "Une boisson corsée, plus sucrée et fruitée en goût. "@fr ; gs1:packaging :473can ; beer:brewedBy :acmeBrewery . :acmeBestStout473can a beer:BeerProduct, beer:Stout ; rdfs:label "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can" ; schema:description "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears."@en, "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de première qualité, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat à 2 rangs approuvé par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau récoltée dans les larmes de Dieu."@fr ; gs1:packaging :473can ; beer:brewedBy :acmeBrewery . |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "ACME Ale, 473ml Can" . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <https://gs1.org/voc/packaging> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeerProduct> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://schema.org/description> "The Best Stout uses premium Cascade hops, the absolute best saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Jonathan Goldsmith-endorsed chocolate 2-row malt and water harvested from God's tears."@en . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeerProduct> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://schema.org/hasVariant> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://schema.org/hasVariant> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <http://schema.org/description> "A full-bodied, sweeter and fruity drink in taste."@en . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <http://schema.org/description> "Une boisson cors\u00E9e, plus sucr\u00E9e et fruit\u00E9e en go\u00FBt. "@fr . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can" . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://schema.org/description> "The Best Stout utilise du houblon Cascade de premi\u00E8re qualit\u00E9, la meilleure levure saccharomyces cerevisiae, du malt au chocolat \u00E0 2 rangs approuv\u00E9 par Jonathan Goldsmith et de l'eau r\u00E9colt\u00E9e dans les larmes de Dieu."@fr . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeAle473can> <https://gs1.org/voc/packaging> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#473can> . |
In a manner similar to SKU's, each new packaging or container requires a new instance of a Beer:BeerProduct.
In this example, we create a schema.org offer that will advertise that the beer is available for sale commercially. ACME brewery has an onsite sales counter that will sell invidual 473ml aluminium cans of stout.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" > <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer"> <schema:availability rdf:resource="https://schema.org/InStock"/> <schema:price>3.50</schema:price> <schema:priceCurrency>CAD</schema:priceCurrency> <schema:description>ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can, 3.50$</schema:description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://schema.org/Offer"/> <schema:offeredBy rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery"/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can"> <schema:offers rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer"/> <rdfs:label>ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can</rdfs:label> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeerProduct"/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 | [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeerProduct" ], "http://schema.org/offers": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can" } ] }, { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer", "@type": [ "http://schema.org/Offer" ], "http://schema.org/availability": [ { "@id": "https://schema.org/InStock" } ], "http://schema.org/description": [ { "@value": "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can, 3.50$" } ], "http://schema.org/offeredBy": [ { "@id": "https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery" } ], "http://schema.org/price": [ { "@value": "3.50" } ], "http://schema.org/priceCurrency": [ { "@value": "CAD" } ] } ] |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | @prefix : <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#> . @prefix beer: <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . :acmeBestStout473can a beer:BeerProduct ; rdfs:label "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can" ; schema:offers <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> . <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> a schema:Offer ; schema:availability <https://schema.org/InStock> ; schema:description "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can, 3.50$" ; schema:offeredBy :acmeBrewery ; schema:price "3.50" ; schema:priceCurrency "CAD" . |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://schema.org/availability> <https://schema.org/InStock> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can" . <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://schema.org/description> "ACME Best Stout, 473ml Can, 3.50$" . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeerProduct> . <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBestStout473can> <http://schema.org/offers> <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> . <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://schema.org/price> "3.50" . <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://schema.org/priceCurrency> "CAD" . <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/Offer> . <https://rdf.ag/o/acmeBestStout473CanOffer> <http://schema.org/offeredBy> <https://rdf.ag/o/brewery_beer#acmeBrewery> . |
The addition of a schema:Offer for the can, at a price and in a specified currency is made and the organization making the offer (the brewery) is listed along with its street location.
The German Beer Purity Law of 1516 had strict limits on the ingredients permitted in beer: water, barley, hops and (later) yeast. The ontology can be used to record data about historical beers and commercial breweries making claims based on this style.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:beer="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" > <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050"> <foaf:name>Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050</foaf:name> <rdfs:label>Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050</rdfs:label> <schema:description xml:lang="en">The golden Märzen: full-bodied, strong, malty! Fine caramel notes and pleasantly mild hop bitterness! A real pleasure experience!</schema:description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer"/> <schema:description xml:lang="de">Das goldene Märzen: Vollmundig, kräftig, malzig! Feine Karamellnoten und angenehm-milde Hopfenbittere! Ein wahres Genusserlebnis!</schema:description> <schema:description xml:lang="fr">Le Märzen doré: corsé, fort, malté! De fines notes de caramel et un gout amer de houblon agréablement doux! Une véritable expérience de plaisir!</schema:description> <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://www.weltenburger.de/"/> <beer:abvValue>5.0</beer:abvValue> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner"> <rdfs:label>Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner</rdfs:label> <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://www.ur-krostitzer.de/"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Pilsner"/> <schema:description xml:lang="fr">Une mousse fine et crémeuse, magnifiquement pétillante avec une fraîcheur vive et agréable donne à notre Krostitzer Pilsner original sa belle élégance en goût et en apparence.</schema:description> <schema:description xml:lang="de">Feincremiger Schaum, schön moussierend von lebendig angenehmer Frische gibt unserem Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner seine feine Eleganz in Geschmack und Aussehen.</schema:description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer"/> <schema:description xml:lang="en">Fine creamy foam, beautifully sparkling with lively, pleasant freshness gives our original Krostitzer Pilsner its fine elegance in taste and appearance.</schema:description> <beer:abvValue>4.9</beer:abvValue> <foaf:name>Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner</foaf:name> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell"> <schema:description xml:lang="fr">Une bière particulièrement douce, acidulée, de longue garde et surtout rafraîchissante. Unique dans son goût, un plaisir pour tous les connaisseurs de bière.</schema:description> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale"/> <rdf:type rdf:resource="https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer"/> <schema:description xml:lang="en">A particularly mild, sparkling, long stored beer, refreshing and easily digestible at the same time. Uniquely in its taste, a benefit for each beer connoisseur.</schema:description> <beer:brewedBy rdf:resource="https://www.augustiner-braeu.de/"/> <beer:abvValue>5.2</beer:abvValue> <schema:description xml:lang="de">Ein besonders mildes, spritziges, lang gelagertes und vor allem erfrischendes Bier. Einmalig in seinem Geschmack, ein Genuss für jeden Bierkenner.</schema:description> <rdfs:label>Lagerbier Hell</rdfs:label> <foaf:name>Lagerbier Hell</foaf:name> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 | [ { "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale", "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer" ], "http://schema.org/description": [ { "@language": "fr", "@value": "Une bière particulièrement douce, acidulée, de longue garde et surtout rafraîchissante. Unique dans son goût, un plaisir pour tous les connaisseurs de bière." }, { "@language": "en", "@value": "A particularly mild, sparkling, long stored beer, refreshing and easily digestible at the same time. Uniquely in its taste, a benefit for each beer connoisseur." }, { "@language": "de", "@value": "Ein besonders mildes, spritziges, lang gelagertes und vor allem erfrischendes Bier. Einmalig in seinem Geschmack, ein Genuss für jeden Bierkenner." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Lagerbier Hell" } ], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Lagerbier Hell" } ], "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue": [ { "@value": "5.2" } ], "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [ { "@id": "https://www.augustiner-braeu.de/" } ] }, { "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer" ], "http://schema.org/description": [ { "@language": "en", "@value": "The golden Märzen: full-bodied, strong, malty! Fine caramel notes and pleasantly mild hop bitterness! A real pleasure experience!" }, { "@language": "de", "@value": "Das goldene Märzen: Vollmundig, kräftig, malzig! Feine Karamellnoten und angenehm-milde Hopfenbittere! Ein wahres Genusserlebnis!" }, { "@language": "fr", "@value": "Le Märzen doré: corsé, fort, malté! De fines notes de caramel et un gout amer de houblon agréablement doux! Une véritable expérience de plaisir!" } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050" } ], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050" } ], "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue": [ { "@value": "5.0" } ], "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [ { "@id": "https://www.weltenburger.de/" } ] }, { "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner", "@type": [ "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Pilsner", "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer" ], "http://schema.org/description": [ { "@language": "fr", "@value": "Une mousse fine et crémeuse, magnifiquement pétillante avec une fraîcheur vive et agréable donne à notre Krostitzer Pilsner original sa belle élégance en goût et en apparence." }, { "@language": "de", "@value": "Feincremiger Schaum, schön moussierend von lebendig angenehmer Frische gibt unserem Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner seine feine Eleganz in Geschmack und Aussehen." }, { "@language": "en", "@value": "Fine creamy foam, beautifully sparkling with lively, pleasant freshness gives our original Krostitzer Pilsner its fine elegance in taste and appearance." } ], "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label": [ { "@value": "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner" } ], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner" } ], "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue": [ { "@value": "4.9" } ], "https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy": [ { "@id": "https://www.ur-krostitzer.de/" } ] } ] |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 | @prefix : <https://example.com/ex1#> . @prefix beer: <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#> . @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> . @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . :LagerbierHell a beer:Ale, beer:GermanPurityLawBeer ; rdfs:label "Lagerbier Hell" ; schema:description "Ein besonders mildes, spritziges, lang gelagertes und vor allem erfrischendes Bier. Einmalig in seinem Geschmack, ein Genuss für jeden Bierkenner."@de, "A particularly mild, sparkling, long stored beer, refreshing and easily digestible at the same time. Uniquely in its taste, a benefit for each beer connoisseur."@en, "Une bière particulièrement douce, acidulée, de longue garde et surtout rafraîchissante. Unique dans son goût, un plaisir pour tous les connaisseurs de bière."@fr ; foaf:name "Lagerbier Hell" ; beer:abvValue "5.2" ; beer:brewedBy <https://www.augustiner-braeu.de/> . :UrKrostitzerPilsner a beer:GermanPurityLawBeer, beer:Pilsner ; rdfs:label "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner" ; schema:description "Feincremiger Schaum, schön moussierend von lebendig angenehmer Frische gibt unserem Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner seine feine Eleganz in Geschmack und Aussehen."@de, "Fine creamy foam, beautifully sparkling with lively, pleasant freshness gives our original Krostitzer Pilsner its fine elegance in taste and appearance."@en, "Une mousse fine et crémeuse, magnifiquement pétillante avec une fraîcheur vive et agréable donne à notre Krostitzer Pilsner original sa belle élégance en goût et en apparence."@fr ; foaf:name "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner" ; beer:abvValue "4.9" ; beer:brewedBy <https://www.ur-krostitzer.de/> . :WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050 a beer:GermanPurityLawBeer ; rdfs:label "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050" ; schema:description "Das goldene Märzen: Vollmundig, kräftig, malzig! Feine Karamellnoten und angenehm-milde Hopfenbittere! Ein wahres Genusserlebnis!"@de, "The golden Märzen: full-bodied, strong, malty! Fine caramel notes and pleasantly mild hop bitterness! A real pleasure experience!"@en, "Le Märzen doré: corsé, fort, malté! De fines notes de caramel et un gout amer de houblon agréablement doux! Une véritable expérience de plaisir!"@fr ; foaf:name "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050" ; beer:abvValue "5.0" ; beer:brewedBy <https://www.weltenburger.de/> . |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 | <https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050" . <https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner" . <https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://www.ur-krostitzer.de/> . <https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Pilsner> . <https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale> . <https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer> . <https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://schema.org/description> "Une mousse fine et cr\u00E9meuse, magnifiquement p\u00E9tillante avec une fra\u00EEcheur vive et agr\u00E9able donne \u00E0 notre Krostitzer Pilsner original sa belle \u00E9l\u00E9gance en go\u00FBt et en apparence."@fr . <https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://schema.org/description> "Feincremiger Schaum, sch\u00F6n moussierend von lebendig angenehmer Frische gibt unserem Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner seine feine Eleganz in Geschmack und Aussehen."@de . <https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer> . <https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://schema.org/description> "Fine creamy foam, beautifully sparkling with lively, pleasant freshness gives our original Krostitzer Pilsner its fine elegance in taste and appearance."@en . <https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue> "4.9" . <https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer> . <https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue> "5.2" . <https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://schema.org/description> "Le M\u00E4rzen dor\u00E9: cors\u00E9, fort, malt\u00E9! De fines notes de caramel et un gout amer de houblon agr\u00E9ablement doux! Une v\u00E9ritable exp\u00E9rience de plaisir!"@fr . <https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://www.weltenburger.de/> . <https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Lagerbier Hell" . <https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#abvValue> "5.0" . <https://example.com/ex1#UrKrostitzerPilsner> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Ur-Krostitzer Pilsner" . <https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Weltenburger Kloster Anno 1050" . <https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://schema.org/description> "Une bi\u00E8re particuli\u00E8rement douce, acidul\u00E9e, de longue garde et surtout rafra\u00EEchissante. Unique dans son go\u00FBt, un plaisir pour tous les connaisseurs de bi\u00E8re."@fr . <https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://schema.org/description> "The golden M\u00E4rzen: full-bodied, strong, malty! Fine caramel notes and pleasantly mild hop bitterness! A real pleasure experience!"@en . <https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://schema.org/description> "A particularly mild, sparkling, long stored beer, refreshing and easily digestible at the same time. Uniquely in its taste, a benefit for each beer connoisseur."@en . <https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <https://rdf.ag/o/beer#brewedBy> <https://www.augustiner-braeu.de/> . <https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> <http://schema.org/description> "Das goldene M\u00E4rzen: Vollmundig, kr\u00E4ftig, malzig! Feine Karamellnoten und angenehm-milde Hopfenbittere! Ein wahres Genusserlebnis!"@de . <https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://schema.org/description> "Ein besonders mildes, spritziges, lang gelagertes und vor allem erfrischendes Bier. Einmalig in seinem Geschmack, ein Genuss f\u00FCr jeden Bierkenner."@de . <https://example.com/ex1#LagerbierHell> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Lagerbier Hell" . |
The Weltenburg Monastery Brewery, the Ur-Krostitzer brand from the Radeberger Group and Augustiner-Bräu is a brewery still make beer which qualifies as German Purity Law Beer.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:owl="http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" > <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn"> <owl:sameAs rdf:resource="http://d-nb.info/gnd/116992719"/> <foaf:name>Karl Graf von Horn</foaf:name> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"/> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:nodeID="Ne136a65993b9442bba0882b32295fc8b"> <rdf:type rdf:resource="http://schema.org/DrinkAction"/> <schema:object rdf:resource="https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050"/> <schema:agent rdf:resource="https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn"/> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF> |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 | [ { "@id": "_:Ne136a65993b9442bba0882b32295fc8b", "@type": [ "http://schema.org/DrinkAction" ], "http://schema.org/agent": [ { "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn" } ], "http://schema.org/object": [ { "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050" } ] }, { "@id": "https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn", "@type": [ "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person" ], "http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs": [ { "@id": "http://d-nb.info/gnd/116992719" } ], "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name": [ { "@value": "Karl Graf von Horn" } ] } ] |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | @prefix : <https://example.com/ex1#> . @prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> . @prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> . @prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . :KarlGrafvonHorn a foaf:Person ; owl:sameAs <http://d-nb.info/gnd/116992719> ; foaf:name "Karl Graf von Horn" . [] a schema:DrinkAction ; schema:agent :KarlGrafvonHorn ; schema:object :WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050 . |
1 2 3 4 5 6 | <https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn> <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#sameAs> <http://d-nb.info/gnd/116992719> . _:Ne136a65993b9442bba0882b32295fc8b <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://schema.org/DrinkAction> . _:Ne136a65993b9442bba0882b32295fc8b <http://schema.org/object> <https://example.com/ex1#WeltenburgKlosterAnno1050> . _:Ne136a65993b9442bba0882b32295fc8b <http://schema.org/agent> <https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn> . <https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Karl Graf von Horn" . <https://example.com/ex1#KarlGrafvonHorn> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> . |
The ontology is flexible enough to record historical event, such as Karl Graf von Horn drinking locally available beer. It's application to recording alchool consumption for dietary analysis is also possible.
The Beer ontology links to FOODON equivalent classes and makes use of the GS1, schema.org, sosa/ssn ontologies to represent measurements and prov ontology for provenance and documentation.
Dictionaries: BeverageCan, Keg, LiquidContainer,
Classes: Ale, AmericanLager, AmericanPaleAle, BarleyWine, Beer, BeerProduct, BelgianAle, BelgianBeer, BeverageBottle, BeverageCan, BlondeAle, Brewery, Brewpub, BrownAle, Cider, ContractBrewery, Craftbrewery, EnglishPaleAle, EnglishStyleAle, GermanPurityLawBeer, IndiaPaleAle, Keg, Lager, LiquidContainer, Mead, Microbrewery, MilkStout, Oktoberfestbier, PaleAle, Pilsner, Porter, RegionalBrewery, Saison, SourBeer, Stout, SummerAle, TaproomBrewery, TraditionalOktoberfestbier, WheatBeer,
Properties: packaging,
Instances: D201, D251, D301, D501, Euro20, Euro25, Euro30, Euro50, can355, can473, can500, corneliusKeg, halfBarrelKeg, miniKeg, quarterKeg, sixthBarrelKeg, slimQuarterKeg,
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageCan
Beverage Can
A cylindrical metal container mean to hold a liquid.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Keg
Keg
A small barrel used to store and serve beer.
Concepts: D201, D251, D301, D501, Euro20, Euro25, Euro30, Euro50, corneliusKeg, halfBarrelKeg, miniKeg, quarterKeg, sixthBarrelKeg, slimQuarterKeg,
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#LiquidContainer
Liquid Container
A container made for holding liquids.
Concepts: D201, D251, D301, D501, Euro20, Euro25, Euro30, Euro50, can355, can473, can500, corneliusKeg, halfBarrelKeg, miniKeg, quarterKeg, sixthBarrelKeg, slimQuarterKeg,
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Ale
Ale
The main distinguishing feature of an ale is the type of yeast used in the brewing process, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae typically prefers a warmer brewing range and lacks the ability to metabolize the complex sugars: melibiose and raffinose. Ales are typically fermented, depending of course on the strain yeast, at 16-24˚C (60-75˚F) temperature range. Which is typically, but not exclusively, warmer than lager fermentation. Ales also do not undergo a cold-conditioning phase. However it is not uncommon for some lagers to not undergo a cold phase.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#AmericanLager
American Lager
American lagers came about from german immigrants bringing over their brewing style while using American ingredients. This beer is typically characterized as being light in color, low in bitterness and alcohol.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#AmericanPaleAle
APA
American Pale Ale is based on the English Pale Ale style however rather than the woody aromas of English hops, American IPAs use American hops that are usually more citrus and piney.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BarleyWine
Barley Wine
Contrary to their name, barley wines are not a type of wine. Barley wine is actually a type of beer with a base of barley. Barley wines have a much higher alcohol content than typical beers.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Beer
Beer
Beer a drink that is created as a result of the fermentation of yeast malt and is flavored with hops. The fermentation process results in alcohol, however there are some beers that are specifically brewed to be non-alcoholic.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeerProduct
Beer
Beer a drink that is created as a result of the fermentation of yeast malt and is flavored with hops. The fermentation process results in alcohol, however there are some beers that are specifically brewed to be non-alcoholic.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BelgianAle
Belgian Ale
Belgian Ales are ales are that are brewed in the Belgian style.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BelgianBeer
Belgian Beer
Belgian beers are a grouping of beer styles produced in Belgium or in the Belgian style. These styles are mostly ales that use fruity yeasts and malts.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageBottle
Bottle
A container that is usually round and made of glass that has a narrow mouth for serving.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BeverageCan
Beverage Can
A cylindrical metal container mean to hold a liquid.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BlondeAle
Blonde Ale
Blonde Ales are mostly characterized by their light coloring, which is determined by the types of malts rather than by style.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Brewery
Brewery
A brewery is a location or corporate entity that produces beer.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Brewpub
Brewpub
A brewpub is a type of brewery also provides food services sells about 25% or more of its beer on site. The rest can also be sold to off site distributers or through carry-outs.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#BrownAle
Brown Ale
Brown Ales are mostly characterized by their coloring, which is determined by the types of malts rather than by style.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Cider
Hard Cider
Cider is made from fermenting the juice of crushed fruit, usually apples.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#ContractBrewery
Contract Brewery
A brewery that has a contract with a company that handles the marketing and sales part of the business while the producer-brewery only focuses on brewing beer.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Craftbrewery
Craft Brewery
As defined by the Brewers Association, a craft brewery is a small, independent brewer.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#EnglishPaleAle
English Pale Ale
English Pale Ale is a type of pale ale that is brewed in the English style, usually more with more hop flavor and bitterness.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#EnglishStyleAle
English Style Ale
English Style Ales are ales are that are brewed in the English style.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#GermanPurityLawBeer
German Purity Law Beer
A beer that meets the requirements of the German Beer Purity Law of 1516 where beer was made exclusively from water, barley, hops and yeast.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#IndiaPaleAle
IPA
India Pale Ale is actually a type of pale ale that is brewed in the "English" style, contrary to its name. It was originally brewed for the Indian market which is where it got its name. It's origins are still debated to this day but this beer is known for its use of English hops and yeast.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Lager
Lager
Lagers are fermented with the yeast strain Saccharomyces pastorianus, which typically ferments better in colder temperatures 7-13˚C (45-55˚F) than S. cerevisiae. Lagers are also known for having a cold-conditioning phase of the brewing process, although not all lagers go through this phase. Lagers can be pale yellow, amber or dark.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#LiquidContainer
Liquid Container
A container made for holding liquids.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Mead
Honey Wine
Mead is one of the oldest alcoholic beverages, produced by fermenting honey (although some other ingredients like fruit can be added in as well). The alcohol content usually ranges from 5 to 20% and the flavor profile ranges from very dry to very sweet.
Comment:
Mead is not technically a beer since its primary source of sugar comes from honey, but for the sake of convenience this class is in the Beer Ontology.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Microbrewery
Microbrewery
Microbreweries typically sell about 75% or more of its beer off-site and produce about 15,000 barrels per year. Microbreweries will sell beer either to wholesalers, retailers or directly to the consumers (carry-out or taproom).
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#MilkStout
Milk Stout
Milk stouts are a type of stouts that have been sweetened by the addition of milk or milk products.
Comment:
Any stouts that that use milk or any milk product as an ingredient is an instance of this class despite the UK Food Labelling Regulations of 1996 to ensure that consumers are aware of a possibility of lactose in their beer.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Oktoberfestbier
Oktoberfest Beer
Märzen-style beers are light lagers that are typically brewed with Vienna, Munich and sometimes Pilsner malts and traditional German hops with low alpha acid contents such as Hallertau and Tettnanger but can substituted with Mt. Hood or Saaz. The aroma of Märzen is slightly bitter and not overly hoppy so that the Vienna and Munich malt flavor is more promenant. This beer is typically higher in alcohol content than traditional German lagers at around 5-6% abv. The aroma is comparable to Vienna lager.
Comment:
According to German Law, Oktoberfestbier is legally reserved for the six breweries who are allowed to serve their beer at the Munich Oktoberfest. Those brewers are: Augustiner, Hacker-Pschorr, Hofbräuhaus, Löwenbräu, Paulaner, and Spaten. However, German Law does not extend beyond the German borders so the märzen/oktoberfest is used as a label for a beer style elsewhere, particulary among craft brewers.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#PaleAle
Ale Pâle
Pale Ales are a style of beer that are typically light in color, have stong hop flavors, and low in alcohol content. This umbrella term includes IPAs, APAs and English pale ales. Most Pale Ales are english-style, since it has become quite popular, many countries developed their own versions of pale ales that originated from English style of brewing beer. Samuel Allsopp in Burton, UK brewed the first pale ale for the Indian market in 1822 and it was shipped in 1823 to India which had a lasting impact that lead to the rise of India Pale Ales. Pale ales used to be called "bitter ales" in the past but now it has become three versions being "ordinary" that range in 3%-4% ABV, "special" and "extra special" that range 4.5-5% ABV.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Pilsner
Pilsner
Pilsners are a type of lager that first appeared in Pilsen, Bohemia from Josef Groll. It is a light colored beer that is characterized by being refreshing and low in alcohol.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Porter
Porter
While closely related to stouts and both dark in color, porters usually use a combination of pale and dark malts.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#RegionalBrewery
Regional Brewery
A regional brewery is a brewery that produces around 15,000 to 6 million barrels of beer per year.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Saison
Saison
Saison beers are seasonal beers that are typically enjoyed during the summer until the end of harvest. There are a wide variety of saisons brewed in the fasion as choosen at the brewer's discretion. Saisons are typically fruitier and lower in alcohol content than typical beers. While saisons originated in Belgium, there is increasing popularity among American craft brewers to produce their own saisons.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#SourBeer
Sour Beer
Sour beers are a grouping of beers that taste sour, acidic or tart. They come about from a variety of styles and ingredients.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Stout
Stout
Stouts are a dark type of ale that use a 'smoked' or malted barley, which give its distinctive 'coffee' or 'chocolate' flavored. Stouts are similar to porters but are usually thicker and healthier.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#SummerAle
Summer Ale
Summer Ales are typically characterized as citrus-y and refreshing summer beer. They are most commonly a form of American Wheat beer or English-style summer ale, but can include other styles of ale.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#TaproomBrewery
Taproom Brewery
A taproom brewery is a brewery that sells at least 25% of their beer on-site but does not offer food services. The rest of the beer can be sold as carry-outs or to off-site retailers.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#TraditionalOktoberfestbier
Traditional Oktoberfest Beer
Historically, this style of beer was brewed in March, hence the Märzen meaning 'March' in German. Due to the lack of refrigeration at the time, the Bavarian Duke Albrecht V decreed that no brewing should occur between April 23 and September 29th to reduce beer spoilage. Therefore the beers were brewed in March and lagered (stored cool) until Oktoberfest. Traditionally these beers were darker but have now become increasing lighter to match modern tastes. The first lager that was officially labelled 'Märzenbier' was brewed in 1841 by the Spaten Brewery of Munich and was introduced at that year's Oktoberfest. In 1872 Spaten was the first to label their märzen-style lager as Oktoberfestbier, and the recipe Spaten uses today is still largely based on the one used in 1872.
Comment:
According to German Law, Oktoberfestbier is legally reserved for the six breweries who are allowed to serve their beer at the Munich Oktoberfest. Those brewers are: Augustiner, Hacker-Pschorr, Hofbräuhaus, Löwenbräu, Paulaner, and Spaten. However, German Law does not extend beyond the German borders so the märzen/oktoberfest is used as a label for a beer style elsewhere, particulary among craft brewers.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#WheatBeer
Bière de Blé
Wheat beers originated in Germany and are usually pale ales. Ahe style is characterized by having a large percentage of malted or unmalted wheat.
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#D201
German DIN201
German DIN201
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#D251
German DIN251
German DIN251
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#D301
German DIN301
German DIN301
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#D501
German DIN501
German DIN501
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Euro20
European 20L Keg
European 20L Keg
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Euro25
European 25L Keg
European 25L Keg
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Euro30
European 30L Keg
European 30L Keg
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#Euro50
European 50L Keg
European 50L Keg
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#can355
12oz/355ml Metal Beverage Can
A one time use 12oz/355ml metal container meant to hold a liquid, commonly referred to as 202-211 (413 Height).
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#can473
16oz/473ml Metal Beverage Can
A one time use 16oz/473ml metal container meant to hold a liquid, commonly referred to as 202-211 (Height 603).
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#can500
16.9oz/500ml Metal Beverage Can
A one time use 16.9oz/500ml metal container meant to hold a liquid, commonly referred to as 202-211 (Height 603).
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#corneliusKeg
Cornelius Keg
Cornelius Keg
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#halfBarrelKeg
Half Barrel Keg
Half Barrel Keg
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#miniKeg
Mini Keg
Mini Keg
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#quarterKeg
Quarter Barrel Keg
Quarter Barrel Keg
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#sixthBarrelKeg
Sixth Barrel Keg
Sixth Barrel Keg
URI: https://rdf.ag/o/beer#slimQuarterKeg
Slim Quarter Keg
Slim Quarter Keg
Version 1.2
Version 1.1
Version 1.0
Storeability was kept as a data type property since it is a property that is generally associated with the hop variety, however HSI would be an observable property since that is what gets tested for every lot.
As a policy, if there is no translation for a label then it is not added and it is kept in the original language. If the translation is the same word, then both labels will still be kept.
In French, the term 'bière blonde' is used interchangeably to mean either a pale ale or a lager depending on the region, which can be extremely confusing. To simplify matters the french label for 'pale ale' will be 'ale pâle' and 'lager' for lager unless further specified by a region. For example, pale ales in Quebec are called 'bière blonde', therefore the
The RDF terms for the bibliography are marked unstable as the bibliography generator is buggy and requires further work.
Deprecated Terms:
This bibliography is available as a Bibtex file here.
[1] | Brewers Association. Craft beer industry market segments, 2020. [ http ] |
[2] | Dave Carpenter. What is the difference between ale and lager? May 2017. [ http ] |
[3] | Craftbeer.com. Ipa, 2020. [ http ] |
[4] | Craftbeer.com. Ipa, 2020. [ http ] |
[5] | Andrew Curry. Our 9,000-year love affair with booze. National Geographic, February 2017. [ http ] |
[6] | Terry Foster. Pale ale. Boulder, CO: Brewers Publications, 2nd edition, 1999. |
[7] | Terry Foster. The oxford companion to beer definition of pale ale, 2020. [ http ] |
[8] | Michael Jackson. Michael Jackson's beer companion. Philadelphia: Running Press, 1993. |
[9] | Vitthal S. Kulkarni and Charles Shaw. Chapter 7 - preparation and stability testing. In Vitthal S. Kulkarni and Charles Shaw, editors, Essential Chemistry for Formulators of Semisolid and Liquid Dosages, pages 99 – 135. Academic Press, Boston, 2016. [ DOI | http ] |
[10] | Graham G. Stewart. Yeast flocculation—sedimentation and flotation. Fermentation, 4(2), 2018. [ DOI | http ] |
[11] | UK Government Legislation. The food labelling regulations 1996. 1996. [ http ] |
[12] | World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. 2018. [ .pdf ] |
[13] | Garrett Oliver. The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press, 2012. |
[14] | BeerHQ. Brewhq - beer style profile: Märzenbier (oktoberfest), 2021. [ http ] |
[15] | Master Brewers Association of the Americas. The Practical Brewer. Master Brewers Association of the Americas, 3rd edition, 1999. |
Comment:
In North America, particularly the US, cider is an unfermented beverage produced from crushing apples, but can be made from other fruit. While fermented crushed fruit (cider) is not a type of beer this class is in the Beer Ontology for convenience.